Gender Norms And Practices Within Private Organizations

The authors suggest that the study of gender norms and practices in private organizations should be used for future research on the role of gender in public management. Gender norms are defined rules that govern behaviors based on one’s sex. The article states that gender norms are established through repeated interpersonal interactions, which lead to informal rules and expectations developed over the years. It is also mentioned that gender norms are established in the work environment by the organizations founding members’ values and norms. Gender matters because it is the primary factor which results in inequalities in pay and job opportunity. White men were often founder of many organizations, which created disadvantages and inequalities for women and people of color. These realities are not frequently addressed in the public sector. The authors suggest that studying organizational norms in the private sector, that rely heavily on sociology literature, can unco ver ways to remove gender inequalities in public management. What is being suggested is not the same as simply tracking numbers over time. One study found a tracking approach fails to include the effort needed to interpret the data. Since public and non-profit agencies are unique and must uphold democratic ideals, it is public administrators who need to study gendered organizations in the public sector. The authors conclude by suggesting that future research could expand to include race and ethnicity, theShow MoreRelatedIn His Account of the Sociological Imagination, C. Wright Mills (1959) Distinguishes Between ‘Private Troubles’ and ‘Public Issues’. 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WHO has declared violence against women both a public health problem and a violation of human rights. Violence against women is of many types and has many faces. Also called Gender-based violenceRead MoreLeadership Is Crucial Make Or Break Issue For Feminism972 Words   |  4 Pagesaimed to understand how women used leadership as a goal to achieve their means. There is a general agreement on the idea that women have more obstacles to become leaders . The Liberian case is an example of how this paradigm could be shifted though gender solidarity and strong mutuality in this specific cultural context. These women managed to understand their strength and their interests. Understanding the principles of the feminist leadership will be attempted. Firstly, it is important to comprehendRead MoreDiscrimination Of Individuals With Disabilities1360 Words   |  6 Pagesexplore the prevalence of discrimination in nonprofit organizations and organizational costs associated with companies involved in discrimination lawsuits. In addition, this paper will also explore ways nonprofit organizations can effectively prevent discriminatory practices in their system and other settings by researching literature that focuses on the awareness, education, training, and prevention of discriminatory behaviors and practices. These questions will be explored by doing a literatureRead MoreFeminism: Womens Status in Higher Education1448 Words   |  6 Pagescitizens fairly in these various roles, the hope that we will be able to achieve anything like a recognizably just society is significantly undermined† (Bull 1). 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In order to ensure credibility, two approaches will be used to conduct this research. The ethnographic approach will be used to understand the organization as a whole and the norms and behaviors, both verbal and non-verbal, which make up the organization’s identity. Individual and group observation of each participant will be conducted over a period of three to six months in order to gain full understanding.

Quality Challenges Of Public Health Information System

Quality Challenges of Public Health information system in Indian Rural Healthcare sector for monitoring and evaluation– the case study from rural India Mohd Vaseem Ismail Mr. Sakhi john Abstract National Rural Health Mission (NRHM establishesed for improve healthcare delivery by making architectural corrections in existing public health systems , A health management information system is an essential management tool to achieve these goals- to be able to monitor how far we have travelled, and where the gaps are, To ensure that there is a continuous flow of good quality disaggregated data on health of populations and health care services to assist in local planning , programme implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation. NRHM†¦show more content†¦Keyword Health Information , Data Quality, Registers , Indicators National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)- Improve healthcare delivery by making architectural corrections in existing public health systems , NRHM main objectives is to improve health status of the people, Ensure universal access to quality health care services, Increase public expenditure on health, Reduce health inequities and ensure greater accountability and responsiveness, Ensure decentralization and district level planning and management of health programmes , Ensure community participation in planning and management , Ensure all public health facilities attain Indian Public Health Standards- in terms of services delivered, human resource deployed , infrastructure, equipment and supplies, Induct multi-disciplinary skills into district health systems- management skills, financial skills, IT and data analysis skills, epidemiological skills etc. A health management information system is an essential management tool to achieve these goals- to be able to monitor how far we have trav elled, and where the gaps are, To ensure that there is a continuous flow of good quality disaggregated data on health of populations and health care services to assist in local planning , programme implementation, management, monitoring and evaluation. The state of Bihar has an area of 94,163 sq km and a population of 82.9 million, there are 9 divisions , 38 districts , 101

Hiring Policy of Google and Microsoft †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Hiring Policy of Google and Microsoft. Answer: Introduction Google and Microsoft are well known companies in the world. Google is an American multinational company that offers internet related services and products and also considers online advertising technologies and cloud computing. Google was established in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Microsoft is also an American multinational company with headquarter in Redmond, Washington. The company develops, manufactures and sells computer software and personal computers. The company was established in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates. So, in this report, the discussion will be made on Google and Microsoft. Hiring Policy of Google and Microsoft staff selection: Education Google Google focuses on education and the selection process of the company is tough and they are very selective at the time of conducting recruitment process. The eligibility criteria for Google is that The candidate should achieve more than 60 % in 10th and also in 12th. There should be minimum 65 percent marks secured in graduation and in post-graduation. There should be no current backlogs. Only 1-year gap is allowed in education ( no Gap in education is preferred ) The Candidate should have good communication skill. The candidate should have good programming skill. Also, the candidate should have a vast knowledge of software as well as hardware. The selection process of the company: Written Tests Group discussions Technical interview interview Written test also consist of the questions related to Java and C+ language (Truxillo et al., 2015). Microsoft The education criteria of the company is that International graduates and interns are hired for the post of software engineer but they should have proper knowledge of software and hardware. Computer science candidates are more preferred in this industry. The company also offers scholarship programs for the students who enrolled in the four-year undergraduate degree program. It is important that candidate should be a graduate. If the candidates who apply for the job has completed the 12 months then they can also apply for other positions. If a candidate wants to apply for engineering position than it is important to have Computer science degree. Candidate should have good communication skill and should be smart to manage the activities. Minimum 60% should be there in 10th, 12th and B.tech. No backlogs and no more than the two-year academic gap. Selection Process The written exam is conducted in which there are 3 coding question and time given is 75 minutes. Coding section of the paper consists of questions from graphs, strings, and arrays. The pattern of the examination keeps on changing and the candidates who qualify the exam will be selected for face to face interview (Adekola and Sergi, 2016). Retaining staff Google It is seen that the primary reason why employees remain in the company is not money but for the quality of their team. Google retains its employees by providing quality of workspace. Google has a good screening process. The company focuses on offering good working environment so that pool of talent can be retained (Barak, 2016). Google offers learning training to the employees so that satisfaction level of the customers can be enhanced. Through learning training, the overall productivity enhances. Microsoft To retain the employees in the organization it is seen that Microsoft offers various benefits like child care benefits and health benefits. The company also takes into consideration effective strategies like giving motivation and training to its employees so that they can conduct the activities easily and with a positive attitude (David, 2015). Also, the company offers incentive according to the overall performance of the employees. Microsoft also focuses on making the environment of the company good so that communication process can be effective between the employees of the organization (Cao et al., 2015). Employees share their ideas and views with top management that helps the organization to grow and also employee feel good and happy with the environment of the organization. Training and Interviews Google The human resource management team of the organization takes into consideration effective training programs so that capability of human resource can be maximized. The organization uses appropriate analysis to design the training programs so that innovative workforce can be created (Ford, 2014). Google's human resource management takes into consideration various types of need analysis like organizational analysis, work analysis and cost-effective analysis. The organizational analysis evaluates the human needs based on the present condition of the organization (Duhigg, 2016). For instance: To develop new products the company conducts organizational analysis to determine the requirements of human resource. Work analysis also determines the specific needs so that work tasks can be fulfilled. Google implement work analysis on new jobs or at the time of organizational restructuring. The cost-benefit analysis determines the training programs and operations. Google HRM objective is to increase the benefits by taking into consideration training programs. Google consider relational model and the results-oriented approach for training program design. The company tries to maintain positive relations so that innovative processes can be boosted. The human resource management gives training programs in many ways through discussions and on the job training. Discussions help to maintain proper communication among the employees. On the job training also helps to increase the transfer of knowledge to the new employees (Osburn et al., 2015). Interviews At the time of recruitment, the company conducts the round of final interview. In the final face to face interview, in which the manager explains the activities and rules of the organization. Microsoft Microsoft gives training to its employees by taking into consideration various types of training programs. Like on-demand online training, find on-demand training and classroom training is given. Microsoft training offers employees with the skills they require to conduct in the organization. To support the growth of the business and to meet the learning requirement of the employees the diverse range of learning and job opportunity is given to the workers of Microsoft. The company offers frequent job promotions and also coaching on career development through making a connection with the managers. Training is also given to the managers so that skills can be enhanced through coaching and mentoring. Employee orientation also takes place that helps to value the culture of the organization (Sundstrom et al., 2016). The interview process in Microsoft First round is telephonic interview in which candidate introduces himself and he is asked questions related to C+ and Java. Then next round is related to the introduction and also there are technical questions that are asked from the candidates. Microsoft also provides lunch to all the candidates (Wild et al., 2014). Next round is design round in which experience is asked and also problems are given that should be solved. The questions are related to the queries of the customers. The final round is with the director of the company in which the questions related to career goals. In this round final decision is told to the candidate about selection (Gamble and Thompson, 2014). Comparison between Google and Microsoft Google and Microsoft are two big companies and its products and services are also availed by majority of people. Google does not focus on operating systems but their famous product is their search engine (Radinsky et al., 2014). It is seen that companies have different models like Microsoft earn profits from the sale of software and Google is earning profits through advertising. So it can be said that Google is selling a service and Microsoft is selling a product (Kniaz et al., 2018). Google focuses on democratizing information and Microsoft is related to the business of democratizing technology. Google is a radical innovator, that create whole new cloud-based infrastructure and Microsoft is a platform company that focuses on creating ecosystems around them so that profits can be enhanced. Why people choose Google over Microsoft It is seen that people choose Google over Microsoft in many terms. If incentives and salary are considered then it is seen that google offer attractive packages to its employees and other benefits are given. If the working pattern is analyzed in Google, it is seen that employees who join the organization work with diverse and modern technology as compared to the employees who join Microsoft (Hong, 2015). Working at Microsoft over Goggle also means that working in the organization where the opportunities are less. The working environment of Google is also good as compared to Microsoft as it is seen there are many benefits offered to the customers from laundry to child care services (Bodzin et al., 2014).In terms of service and product, it is seen that Google has a large number of a customer as compared to Microsoft and also effective services are offered that enhances the satisfaction level of the customers (Krner et al., 2015). Recommendations So, it is recommended that to sustain in the market it is important for the organization to offer effective services and products in the market. Microsoft should focus on diversification of its product portfolio so that large audience can be attracted. For example: Google offers Google Maps and Google Earth. So, it is important for the company to focus on product diversification. Google should also focus on capitalizing on its diverse initiatives by its core competencies. This will help to enhance the overall market share. Google should hire more employees so that activities can be conducted smoothly and also attractive services should be given so that goodwill can be maintained in the market. In the recent scenario, Microsoft should emphasize on competition and new areas for achieving growth. The major strength of the company is windows platform and Microsoft office. The smartphone technology can help to generate more opportunities. It is seen that the major threat is from Google. Only new and innovative products can help the company to enhance its growth in the market. It is seen it is important to be successful in the market so that profits can also be enhanced easily. Conclusion By analyzing the report it is concluded that Google and Microsoft is one of the largest Multinational companies. It is important for them to grow in the market so that profits can be enhanced. In the first phase of the report, the discussion is made on the education and retaining staff of Google and Microsoft. In the next phase, training and comparison are discussed of both the companies. In the last phase why people choose Google over Microsoft is explained and also recommendations are made. By analyzing all the factors it is seen that both the companies should focus on innovating products and services so that large market share can be grabbed easily. If the large market share is achieved then it can be easy to attain overall goals and objectives. Personal conclusion So, it is analyzed that Google should simplify the process of selection so that candidates can give the interview and also training should be given by appointing each manager under one employee so that it can be easy for the company to enhance the overall satisfaction level. I will prefer to join Google as the benefits given to the employees are attractive. For instance: Laundry service, residential service and also taking care of children are offered by the company. The working environment is also good and employees of the organization are supportive and helpful. So, I will prefer Google as compared to Microsoft as training and benefits are less as compared to Google. References Adekola, A. and Sergi, B.S., 2016.Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Routledge. Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Bodzin, A.M., Anastasio, D. and Kulo, V., 2014. Designing Google Earth activities for learning Earth and environmental science. InTeaching science and investigating environmental issues with geospatial technology(pp. 213-232). Springer, Dordrecht. Cao, Z., Huo, B., Li, Y. and Zhao, X., 2015. The impact of organizational culture on supply chain integration: a contingency and configuration approach.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,20(1), pp.24-41. David, H., 2015. Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation.Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(3), pp.3-30. Duhigg, C., 2016. What Google learned from its quest to build the perfect team.The New York Times Magazine,26, p.2016. Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Gamble, J. and Thompson, A.A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Hong, I.B., 2015. Understanding the consumer's online merchant selection process: The roles of product involvement, perceived risk, and trust expectation.International Journal of Information Management,35(3), pp.322-336. Kniaz, R., Sharma, A., Chen, K. and Mardanbeigi, S., Google LLC, 2018.Secure and extensible pay per action online advertising. U.S. Patent 9,898,627. Krner, M., Wirtz, M.A., Bengel, J. and Gritz, A.S., 2015. Relationship of organizational culture, teamwork and job satisfaction in interprofessional teams.BMC health services research,15(1), p.243. Osburn, H.K., Hatcher, J.M. and Zongrone, B.M., 2015. Training and development for organizational planning skills.The Psychology of Planning in Organizations: Research and Applications,334. Radinsky, K., Varshavsky, R., Stokes, J.W., Holostov, V. and Schaefer, E., Microsoft Corp, 2014.Realtime multiple engine selection and combining. U.S. Patent 8,869,277. Sundstrom, E.D., Lounsbury, J.W., Gibson, L.W. and Huang, J.L., 2016. Personality traits and career satisfaction in training and development occupations: Toward a distinctive TD personality profile.Human Resource Development Quarterly,27(1), pp.13-40. Truxillo, D.M., Bauer, T.N. and McCarthy, J.M., 2015. Applicant fairness reactions to the selection process.The Oxford handbook of justice in work organizations, pp.621-640. Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

The New Internet free essay sample

The Internet has come a long way since it’s advent over half a century ago.It now features color and sound, but there is still work to be done.The Internet is not yet the innovative, prescient, comfortable experience that users would like it to be.It’s time for a New Internet.I propose a series of quick fixes to help the Internet user move forward into the 21st century. The single most utilized feature of the Internet is digital mail.Everyone emails, and invariably gets spam mail too.Spam bogs down your inbox, spreads computer viruses, and frustrates you.This is because emailing is free, whereas snail mail requires postage.On the New Internet, there will be digital postage stamps.Chain emails will disappear, and annoying advertisements will have to find another way to get to you.Everyone will think longer before they send an email if there’s a stamp on it. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Internet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, this has the potential to open up a whole new hobby for Internet users: digital stamp collection. Another fault in the Internet lies in its obsessive cleanliness.There is no dirt anywhere, mostly large tracts of white, open space, and anemically pristine scroll bars and icons.And there are no plants or animals to be found hidden in the margins of google.com.The New Internet will certainly have bugs.In fact, a line of ants will walk across your screen at times, to remind you that you’re never alone when you read something.If you type too fast in the New Internet, ink smudges will develop.Or if you highlight too much, the text will fade. No one likes waiting for webpages to load, so appeasing bored users is another burden the New Internet must take up.While you’re waiting for a page to load, a cute animal will walk on screen.You can pet it, feed it, push it offscreen with your cursor.On birthdays, in the New Internet, there will be balloons.They will block some of the content, but how fun will it be to pop a balloon between your mouse and the red â€Å"x† button in the corner of the screen? Perhaps the most fiercely hated feature of the Internet is the endless, constantly refilling stream of advertisements.With all the stamp revenue email providers receive, the Internet won’t need or want that corporate ad money.In all the boxes and sidebars where the ads were, there will be emoji hearts and inspiring quotes.You might be wondering, â€Å"How will cool new online products advertise themselves?†In the New Internet, if a user is abusive, saying rude things online, plagiarising content, watching only the highlights of movies without finishing them, or committing other unsavory acts, they will get ads served to them.Of course, some people will miss the abundance of ads so much, that they will go to websites full of just ads to get their fix.Who are we to say no to this habit? The New Internet will also have more serious purposes.It will provide trigger warnings for readers who want them, because sometimes it’s more important to be free from speech online, than it is to have free speech.Also, since people can post such hateful things behind a veil of anonymity, the New Internet will eliminate this anonymity.And if you still want to say something evil and problematic, you can do it, but every angry reply will be sent straight to your inbox. Internet dating, and the very fabric of romance itself, will be revolutionized by this new platform.You’ll be sitting in a chatroom, feeling lonely, and one by one, everyone will leave but that one person whose profile matched up with yours perfectly.Just the two of you are left, and the music will get slow, and the screen will start to dim and it will get a bit foggy.The chatroom will go private, and it will be open all night long. The Internet needs saving from itself.Its users have become complacent, and must renovate their habitat.A creative lens must be applied to make the most of the online spaces we have.The range of possibilities, opened by the virtual spaces we have spent decades developing, must be harvested.No solution is too simple.

Free Essays on Claus Von Bulow

Martha â€Å"Sunny† Crawford seemed to have it all. She inherited $75 million. She even at one time had the title as Princess when she was married to Prince Alfie. She had two children, one by Prince Alfie and one by Claus von Bulow. Sunny was very depressed. It was thought that maybe she tried to commit suicide- or it could have been murder- by her husband- Claus. â€Å"On December 21, 1980, Sunny von Bulow slipped into an irreversible coma. The rest is a mystery.† Claus Cecil Borgerg was raised by his grandfather and his divorced mother. Claus was educated in a Swiss school in St. Moritz. Claus had a very rich taste. At an early age, he knew how to charm his upper class contacts. In 1940, Claus was sent out of the country to England in the belly of a British Mosquito Bomber. Claus went to Trinity College in Cambridge and graduated in 1946. In the 1950’s, Claus was practicing law after graduation. While in law, he made many contacts with the wealthy. Claus and Sunny were married for 13 years in 1979. Each professed publicly that they wanted a divorce. Even though they appeared publicly together, they did not show any love between each other. Claus had lived in Sunny’s 5th Avenue apartment and was openly having an affair with Alexandria Isles. Claus had been set up with a $120,000 per year allowance by Sunny. This made Claus feel like a â€Å"kept† man. He wanted his own life, but Sunny wanted him by her side. His mistress, Alexandria Isles, had come from a very wealthy family. She had very expensive tastes. Claus’ $10,000 a week allowance wasn’t enough money to keep her in the lap of luxury she was accustomed too. In 1979, one day following Christmas, the life of the von Bulow family had changed forever. Sunny and Alexander, her son, had been in the family library and had drunk a couple of eggnogs as were their custom. Sunny became weak and disoriented. Alexander thought that his moth... Free Essays on Claus Von Bulow Free Essays on Claus Von Bulow Martha â€Å"Sunny† Crawford seemed to have it all. She inherited $75 million. She even at one time had the title as Princess when she was married to Prince Alfie. She had two children, one by Prince Alfie and one by Claus von Bulow. Sunny was very depressed. It was thought that maybe she tried to commit suicide- or it could have been murder- by her husband- Claus. â€Å"On December 21, 1980, Sunny von Bulow slipped into an irreversible coma. The rest is a mystery.† Claus Cecil Borgerg was raised by his grandfather and his divorced mother. Claus was educated in a Swiss school in St. Moritz. Claus had a very rich taste. At an early age, he knew how to charm his upper class contacts. In 1940, Claus was sent out of the country to England in the belly of a British Mosquito Bomber. Claus went to Trinity College in Cambridge and graduated in 1946. In the 1950’s, Claus was practicing law after graduation. While in law, he made many contacts with the wealthy. Claus and Sunny were married for 13 years in 1979. Each professed publicly that they wanted a divorce. Even though they appeared publicly together, they did not show any love between each other. Claus had lived in Sunny’s 5th Avenue apartment and was openly having an affair with Alexandria Isles. Claus had been set up with a $120,000 per year allowance by Sunny. This made Claus feel like a â€Å"kept† man. He wanted his own life, but Sunny wanted him by her side. His mistress, Alexandria Isles, had come from a very wealthy family. She had very expensive tastes. Claus’ $10,000 a week allowance wasn’t enough money to keep her in the lap of luxury she was accustomed too. In 1979, one day following Christmas, the life of the von Bulow family had changed forever. Sunny and Alexander, her son, had been in the family library and had drunk a couple of eggnogs as were their custom. Sunny became weak and disoriented. Alexander thought that his moth...

Arthurian Romance

Arthurian Romance King Arthur has been an important figure in English literature since singers and story-tellers first described his great exploits in the 6th-century. Of course, the legend of   King Arthur has been appropriated by many story-tellers and  poets, who have embellished upon the first, most modest tales. Part of the intrigue of the stories, which became part of Arthurian romance, though, is the mixture of myth, adventure, love, enchantment, and tragedy. The magic and intrigue of these stories invite even more far-fetched and elaborate interpretations. While these stories and bits of  poetry depict a utopian society of long ago, though, they also reflect the society from which they were (and are being) created. By comparing Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Morte dArthur with  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Tennysons Idylls of the King, we see the evolution of the Arthurian myth. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Defined as narrative, written in prose or verse and concerned with adventure, courtly love and chivalry, Arthurian romance derived the narrative verse form from 12th-century France. The anonymous 14th-century English romance Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the most widely recognized example of Arthurian romance. Although little is known about this poet, who we may refer to as the Gawain or Pearl-Poet, the poem seems fairly typical of Arthurian Romance. Here, a magical creature (the Green Knight) has challenged a noble knight to a seemingly impossible task, in the pursuit of which he meets fierce beasts and the temptation of a beautiful woman. Of course, the young knight, in this case, Gawain, displays courage, skill and chivalric courtesy in overcoming his foe. And, of course, it seems fairly cut-and-dried. Beneath the surface, though, we seem some very different features. Framed by the treachery of  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Troy, the poem links two main plot motifs: the beheading game, in which the two parties agree to an exchange of blows with an ax, and the exchange of winnings, in this case involving temptation that tests Sir Gawains courtesy, courage, and loyalty. The Gawain-Poet appropriates these themes from other folklore and romance to accomplish a moral agenda, as each of these motifs is linked to the quest and ultimate failure of Gawain. In the context of the society in which he lives, Gawain faces not only the complexity of obeying God, King, and Queen and following all of the overlapping contradictions which his position as knight entails, but he becomes a sort of mouse in a much bigger game of heads, sex, and violence. Of course, his honor is constantly at stake as well, which makes him feel as though he has no choice but to play the game, listening and trying to obey as many of the rules as he can along the way. In the end, his attempt fails. Sir Thomas Malory: Morte DArthur The chivalric code was slipping away even in the 14th-century when the anonymous Gawain-Poet was putting pen to paper. By the time of Sir Thomas Malory and his Morte DArthur in the 15th-century, feudalism was becoming even more obsolete. We see in the earlier poem a fairly realistic treatment of the Gawain story. As we move to Malory, we see a continuation of the chivalric code, but other features demonstrate the transition that literature is making at the end of the Medieval period as we move into the Renaissance. While the Middle Ages still had promise, it was also a time of great change. Malory must have known that the ideal of chivalry was dying out. From his perspective, order falls into chaos. The fall of the Round Table represents the destruction of the feudal system, with all its attachments to chivalry.Although Malory was known as a man of violent temperaments, he was the first English writer to make prose as sensitive an instrument of narrative as English poetry has always been. During a period of imprisonment, Malory composed, translated, and adapted his great rendering of Arthurian material, which is the most complete treatment of the story. The French Arthurian Prose Cycle (1225-1230) served as his primary source, along with the 14th-century English Alliterative Morte dArthur and the Stanzaic Morte. Taking these, and possibly other, sources, he disentangled the threads of narration and reintegrated them into his own creation.The characters in this work stand in stark contrast to the Gawain, Arthur, and Guinevere of earlier works. Arthur is much weaker than we usually imagine, as he is ultimately unable to control his own knights and the events of his kingdom. Arthurs ethics fall prey to the situation; his anger blinds him, and he is unable to see that the people he loves can and will betray him. Throughout Morte d Arthur, we notice the Wasteland of characters that cluster together at Camelot. We know the ending (that Camelot must eventually fall into its spiritual Wasteland, that Guenevere will flee with Launcelot, that Arthur will fight Launcelot, leaving the door open for his son Mordred to take over – reminiscent of the Biblical King David and his son Absalom – and that Arthur and Mordred will die, leaving Camelot in turmoil). Nothing–not love, courage, fidelity, faithfulness, or worthiness – can save Camelot, even if this chivalric code could have held up under the pressure. None of the knights are good enough. We see that not even Arthur (or especially Arthur) is not good enough to sustain such an  ideal. In the end, Guenevere dies in a nunnery; Launcelot dies six months later, a holy man. Tennyson: Idylls of the King From the tragic tale of Lancelot and the fall of his whole world, we jump to Tennysons rendition of Malorys tale in Idylls of the King. The Middle Ages was a time of glaring contradictions and contrasts, a time when chivalric masculinity was the impossible ideal. Jumping forward so many years, we see the reflection of a new society upon Arthurian romance. In the 19th-century, there was a resurgence of Medievalist practices. Extravagant mock-tournaments and pseudo-castles took attention away from the problems that society was facing, in the industrialization and disintegration of cities, and the poverty and marginalization of vast numbers of people.The Medieval period  presents chivalrous masculinity as an impossible ideal, while Tennysons​  Victorian approach is tempered with a great deal of expectation that ideal manhood could be achieved. While we see a rejection of the pastoral, in this era, we also notice a dark manifestation of the ideology governing the separate sphe res and the ideal of domesticity. Society has changed; Tennyson reflects this evolution in many of the ways he presents problems, passions, and strife. Tennysons version of the events that shroud Camelot is remarkable in its depth and imagination. Here, the poet traces the birth of a king, the building of the Round Table, its existence, its disintegration, and the final passing of the King. He traces the rise and fall of a civilization in scope, writing about love, heroism, and conflict all in relation to a nation. Be he is still drawing from Malorys work, so Tennysons details only embellish upon what we already expect from such an Arthurian romance. To the story, too, he adds an emotional and psychological depth that was lacking in earlier versions. Conclusions: Tightening the Knot So, through the gap of time from the Medieval literature of the 14th and 15th-century to the Victorian era, we see a dramatic change in the presentation of the Arthurian tale. Not only are the Victorians much more hopeful that the  idea  of proper behavior will work, but the whole frame of the story becomes a representation of a falling/failing of the Victorian civilization. If women would only be more pure and faithful, it is surmised, the ideal presumably would hold up under the disintegrating society. It is interesting to see how these codes of behavior evolved over time to fit the needs of writers, and indeed of the people as a whole. Of course, in the evolution of the stories, we see an evolution in characterization. While Gawain is an ideal knight in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, representing a more Celtic ideal, he becomes increasingly mean and conniving as Malory and Tennyson sketch him with words.Of course, this change in characterization is also a difference in the n eeds of the plot. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain is the individual who stands against chaos and magic in the attempt to bring order back to Camelot. He must represent the ideal, even if that chivalric code is not good enough to stand up completely to the demands of the situation.As we progress onward to Malory and Tennyson, Gawain becomes a character in the background, thus a negative or evil character that works against our hero, Lancelot. In the later versions, we see the inability of the chivalric code to stand up. Gawain is corrupted by anger, as he leads Arthur further astray and prevents the king from reconciling with Lancelet. Even our hero of these later tales, Lancelet, is not able to hold up under the pressures of his responsibility to both the king and the queen. We see the change in Arthur, as he becomes increasingly  weak, unable to hold the kingdom together with his human powers of persuasion, but more than that, we see a dramatic change in Guinevere, as she is presented a s more human, even though she still represents the ideal and thus the cult of true womanhood in some sense. In the end, Tennyson allows Arthur to forgive her. We see a humanity, a depth of personality in Tennysons Guinevere that Malory and the Gawain-Poet  were  not able to accomplish.

Financial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Financial management - Assignment Example Ford was able to get this money by pledging almost all of its assets as collateral, including its U.S. property, plant, and equipment; its equity investments in Ford Credit and Ford’s foreign subsidiaries; and its trademarks, including the Ford brand name and logo. Why did Ford decide to use up all of its financial slack in one gigantic gulp? First, debt financing was available on relatively easy terms in 2006. Second, Mulally must have been aware of the history of restructuring programs in the U.S. auto industry. Some of these initiatives were failures, some partial successes, but none solved Ford, GM, or Chrysler’s competitive problems. The companies shrank but did not improve significantly. So Mulally was in effect sending a wake-up call to Ford’s managers and employees: â€Å"We’ve raised all the cash that we can get. This is our last chance to reform the company. If we don’t make it, Ford is gone.† For the final project, you are to conduct an analysis and evaluation of the capital structures and costs of capital of Ford Motor Company over a history of 5 years. The examination will be in three parts. 1. State the amount of the following in the financial statements for the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 using the following table (NOTE: Long term debt includes all long term debt regardless of when payable) - Fair value is a standard of measurement used in financial reporting. It refers to the market price that would be received upon a security if it were to be sold (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2014). Ford Motor Company (2008) adopts the January 1, 2008 SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, definition of fair value, defining it as the price receivable so as to execute the selling of an asset of payment for the transfer of a liability taking place in a orderly transaction among the market participants at the given measurement

Created or intended identity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Created or intended identity - Coursework Example The aim of this research was to determine how women form their identities in today's modern atmosphere, to understand how these identities shift and change over time and with age and finally to discover the positive or negative effects of changes on a woman's perception of herself as a result of the world's perception of her. Sociological imagination is the way in which we stratify ourselves within our society and plays a large role in how we create our own identity. By linking our own personal experience with the collective understanding of what that represents, we classify not only ourselves but others within specific social groups. Three aspects of the sociological imagination include class, race and gender. Class is based upon a variety of factors including profession, income levels and educational attainment. People with a high level of education are typically seen as holding higher level professional positions which typically pay at higher rates than more commonly educated individuals. This is, of course, not always the case, but remains one of the ways in which we determine our rank in association with those around us. While class is, to some extent, quite flexible, race and gender remain relatively constant and difficult to change. Race is determined based primarily upon physical characteristics, but can also be influenced by ethnic concerns. Generally, ethnicity is considered to refer to your national origin, language, religion, dietary practices or common historical heritage. While race is inherited through a person's genes, ethnicity is inherited through the process of socialization from one generation to the next. Similarly, gender is a learned identification with a particular biological sex - male or female - while sexuality refers to the way in which people organize their world based on sexual identity. Using the sociological imagination, it can be seen that before identity can be fully determined, one must have an understanding of where they stand in the world, which typically depends upon an understanding of some element of society as the lowest or inferior. Throughout recent history, white males have held most of the power in society, first because the more technologically advanced countries were predominantly peopled by white people and controlled by white men and later, because of their subjugation of other nations thanks to their advanced tools and weapons. By withholding education and opportunity from people with color and from women, white men were able to retain their power and establish a system in which women and people of color were seen to be socially inferior. By setting those with color socially below white people, even the lower class was able to feel superior to someone. Through the same channels, men managed to dominate over women. Women were socially constrained within homes, legally oppressed and deprived of an education throughout a great deal of history, thus keeping them at low levels of the social scale. These social stratifications help the individual to place themselves within the greater world just as the various behaviours the individual participates in help to define

Comparision between a dolls house and a glass menegarie Essay Example for Free

Comparision between a dolls house and a glass menegarie Essay Nora Helmer in â€Å"A Doll’s House† and Amanda Wingfield in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, are both iconic figures that play an important role in their respective plays. These characters are similar as well as different in comparison. Both Nora and Amanda are seen as a very good mother. They also are not in touch with the reality. The difference between Nora and Amanda is that Nora wanted the freedom from her husband, whereas on the other hand, Amanda felt helpless after she lost her husband. Another difference between Amanda and Nora is that Amanda does not really think about herself that much, whereas, Nora is very obsessed with herself. It is seen that Nora and Amanda are both, loving mothers. In â€Å"A Doll’s House†, this is seen when Nora plays with her kids and talks in a child like manner with them. It is also seen when she think about the future and then says, â€Å"No, it’s quite impossible†. She says this after Krogstad had left, and after she had a conversation with Anne-Marie. Amanda is seen as a good and a loving mother when she thinks about the future for her daughter Laura. She tells Tom to find a good gentlemen for her, and tries to make a better future for them. Amanda has faith that some gentleman might come for Laura, which shows the confidence she has in her daughter. Amanda as well as Nora lives in a world where they are not really in touch with reality. For Amanda, when situations become bad, she recalls the days of her youth when she lived at Blue Mountain and had seventeen gentlemen callers in one Sunday afternoon. Indeed, this story has been told so often that it is no longer an illusion and instead has become a reality. She likewise indulges in playful games so as to escape the drudgery of everyday living. She tells Laura, You be the lady this time and Ill be the darky. She refuses to acknowledge that Laura is crippled and instead refers to her as having only a slight physical defect. She refuses to accept the fact that Tom is quite different from her and that he, like his father, will someday leave in search of adventures. This is seen when Tom views his life with his family and at the warehouse as a kind of coffin—cramped, suffocating, and morbid—in which he is unfairly confined. And finally, Amanda lives perpetually in the world of the gentlemen callers who will appear any day for Laura. In â€Å"A Doll’s House†, Nora thought that everything will work out the way she has planned. Nora lives in a very unrealistic world, where she behaves like a doll, and does all the unrealistic things. This is seen when she does not take her life seriously, like forging a signature, which in turn could lead to a lot of problems. In â€Å"A Doll’s House†, in the end, we see that Nora leaves behind her house, her husband as well as her children, whom she loved a lot. This means that she is very selfish and only thinks about herself. According to Nora, she will be who she is if she leaves Torvald. She thinks that being with him, she is a completely different person, from reality. This is seen at the end, when Torvald gets to know the truth Whereas, on the other hand, it is completely opposite in â€Å"A Glass Menagerie† with Amanda. After she lost her husband, she felt completely helpless and did not know how to figure things out. In â€Å"A Doll’s House†, Nora is seen very self-obsessed, whereas, on the other hand, in â€Å"A Glass Menagerie†, Amanda does not really care about herself, and is seen more concerned about her children, and about their future. Nora considers herself like the most prettiest women and keeps on obsessing about herself and thinks about her own future the most. This is also seen when both, Nora and Amanda think that they have some lovers or gentlemen. The only difference between the both of them is that Nora knew that she did not have any lover, and she just dreamt of having one. Whereas, Amanda thought there were gentlemen for her, even though, in real, there weren’t any. Thus, in both these plays, â€Å"A Doll’s House†, and â€Å"A Glass Menagerie†, Nora and Amanda have similarities as well as differences. This similarity between both of them is that both of them care about their kids, and both of them are not in touch with reality. And the difference between them is that Nora finds freedom after leaving her husband, whereas, on the other hand, Amanda kind of feels handicapped after she lost her husband. Another difference seen between Amanda and Nora is that Nora is very self-obsessed, whereas Amanda is not.

Theme Elements in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart :: Things Fall Apart essays

Theme Elements in Things Fall Apart Achbe, in the novel Things Fall Apart, conveys a flavor of traditional African culture in the 1800`s. But despite this, it seems the tragedy of okonkwo that embodies the theme of the novel. Many of Achebe`s themes are not limited to the events in his novel, but relate to SITUATIONS, in which traditional values are questioned and people from different cultures meet, the most profound impact being related to the themes of religion and justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Like any good religion, the Igbo religion comes with many superstitions. Personal chi is one of the superstitions in the Igbo tribe. Chi can be a personal fragment of the Supreme Being, unique for each individual. It determines much of a person's success and character. "When a man says yes his chi says yes also" (19). But at the same time a man does not challenge his chi. "The evil you have done can ruin the whole clan. The earth goddess whom you have insulted may refuse to give us her increase, and we shall all perish" (22). Ezeani said this to okonkwo in response to his challenge against his chi, by beating his wife during the week of peace. Okonkwo BECAME THE EXAMPLE OF A person challenging his own chi. His desperate desire to succeed his chi, does not let him go any further than failure, destruction and death. Chi is simultaneously a destiny and an internal commitment, WHICH cannot be denied.   Ã‚  Ã‚     The Igbo religion has a tendency to symbolize numerous amounts of divine gods. They HAD a god for every different natural phenomenon that occurred. These things of worship were things such as trees, pieces of wood, hills, caves etc.    For every symbolic god there was a being in the clan that represented it. Ezeani the priestess, of the goddess of the earth, represented the goddess of earth (Ani). The clan seeks knowledge from the god through the oracle of the hills and caves. Other symbols in the Igbo religion are the sacred silk cotton tree and the evil forest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The festivals, in the novel contribute to the development of this theme as well.   The two festivals "Week of peace" and "The Feast of the New Yam" ARE SYMBOLS OF IMPORTANCE TO the clan and OF THE power WHICH gods have. The week of peace was one of the means of unification FOR the clan and appeasement for the gods in control over the crops.

Accounting for Decistion Makers Essay

The Question: Charlie and Maribelle Brown have owned and operated a retail furniture store for more than 20 years. They have employed an independent CPA during this time to prepare various sales tax, payroll tax, and income tax returns, as well as financial statements for themselves and the bank from which they have borrowed money from time to time. They are considering selling the store but are uncertain about how to establish an asking price. Prepare a brief written answer (no more than a couple of paragraphs) about what type of information is likely to be included in the material prepared by the CPA that may help the Browns establish an asking price for the store. Assignment #1 Reviewing the past and present financial statements prepared by their CPA, would allow the Browns to trend historical data such as cash flow and cost of operations. This, coupled with the current and projected economic climate as well as current and projected cost of living, would help the Browns to understand how much they spend to keep their business running as well as how much they’ve profited over time. Although the information provided in the financial statements is not a concrete indicator, it is a good gauge of how the Browns’ business will perform in the future. Unless major economic changes or other unforeseen circumstances occur, historical performance often tends to remain constant. The Browns would be able to use most of the information provided by their CPA to determine a fair asking price for their retail furniture store.

Mitsubishi Marketing

The article entitled ‘Mitsubishi cuts prices’ was written by Peter Roberts, and was found in The Australian Financial Review website, dated April 28, 2006 (which can be accessed at www.afr.com). The marketing concept used in the article is that of the pricing-cutting employed by Mitsubishi in its attempt to increase sales for their new products launch. PRICE-CUTTING Price-cutting is rampant in the car manufacturing industry where the only established price in the channel is the one at which the manufacturer sells. Specifically, Yadin stated that price-cutting ‘is a marketing technique involving temporary reductions in the price of a product or service, aimed at increasing market share’ (2000:300) The concept of price-cutting as a strategy means to lower prices as compared to the original price set mainly in order to increase sales (Wilmshurst and Mackay 2002:279). Alternatively, price-cutting may be used as a deliberate pull strategy in order to achieve lower costs by expanding sales. A company’s attitude to price-cutting, according to Baker (2000:63), should be influenced by its relative position in a particular market. In Roberts’ article, this marketing concept is depicted when the Australian car maker made massive price cuts across its range, as a direct response to its blunder in the company’s launch pricing strategy, particularly in the locally made 380 model. The introductory paragraph immediately pointed this out, and in the later part of the article showed how the firm was able to do this, which is by shaving dealer margins and negotiating better supply prices from Mitsubishi in Japan. In relation to the article and the way the price-cutting concept has been discussed in the lectures and in the text book, the two are comparatively alike because of the latter’s discussion of using the price-cutting strategy in already established companies, which is reflective of Mitsubishi’s position in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the same way, Mitsubishi used the price cutting concept in order to respond to excess capacity, falling market share, and dominate market through lower costs, just what the discussions in the initiating price changes similarly pointed out. The lecture notes also implied that customers are responsive to price cutting as long as the perception of brand and product value remains unchanged, which is what the article points out as the expectations of Mitsubishi regarding its increase in sales. In the automobile industry where the market dictates the selling price, this price cut is imperative of Mitsubishi. WORKS CITED Baker, M 2000, Marketing Theory: A Student Text, Thomson Learning, London. Wilmshurst, J & Mackay, A 2002, The Fundamentals and Practice of Marketing, Butterworth-Heinemann, Jordan Hill, Oxford. Yadin, D. (2002). The International Dictionary of Marketing, Kogan Page Limited, London. Â  

Essay on Microsoft Office and Human Resources

Essay on Microsoft Office and Human Resources Essay on Microsoft Office and Human Resources Human Resources - City of Auburn, Washington Page 1 of 3 HUMAN RESOURCES Job Opportunities Job Title: Office Assistant - Planning Closing Date/Time: Sat. 10/18/14 11:59 PM Pacific Time Salary: $3,549.82 - $4,343.40 Monthly Job Type: Full-Time Location: City Hall: 25 West Main Street Auburn, Washington Print Job Information | Apply Position Details Benefits Supplemental Questions This is semi-routine clerical work with emphasis on customer service, word processing, spreadsheets, data input, filing, and recordkeeping, in support of the Community Development and Public Works Department. Primary Duties: *Prepares written communications in the form of correspondence, reports, forms, fliers, and manuals; enters and retrieves data; creates spreadsheets, presentations, brochures, graphics, and marketing materials. *Anticipates customer needs and provides high priority to customer service and satisfaction; provides outstanding internal customer support within the department, as well as to other City employees and elected officials. *Creates and maintains department electronic word processing and spreadsheet files, backing up and purging them on a regular basis. *Sets up files; completes files; and retrieves documents from the department’s files and City archives; logs and files warranties related to capital projects. *Enters requisitions and processes purchase orders charged to the department General Fund budget. http://agency.governmentjobs.com/auburn/default.cfm?action=viewJob&jobID=985550&... 10/15/2014 Human Resources - City of Auburn, Washington Page 2 of 3 *Assists in preparation, copying, and distribution of a variety of documents, including Council Committee agendas by mail, e-mail, and fa . Assists in mailings, setup, and logistics for community meetings and open houses. * nitiates and maintains project grant files and reporting documentation. * nitiates and maintains files for professional services contracts. *Performs photocopying and arranges for printing of Community Development materials and documents. Public Works * eceives, date stamps, and distributes mail to the appropriate Community Development Works employees. Public *Processes outgoing mail, including certified mail, mail to be delivered overnight or by courier, and PS. *Efficiently operates printers and supplies; coordinates with vendors for the repair of office machinery, as needed. * rders department office supplies and keeps the supply area stocked and organi ed. *Arranges for City vehicles to be taken to Maintenance and perations for maintenance. *Provides customer service by assisting the public and over the telephone, answering inquiries or referring them to the appropriate staff person. * andles messages and complaints from citi ens in a polite and professional manner; determines the nature of the message or complaint and, if it cannot be resolved by the employee, refers it to the appropriate staff member. *Safely operates office equipment at a high level of e pertise; maintains and updates standardi ed forms on the network hardware. * perates a variety of computer programs including, but not limited to, word processing, spreadsheet and database applications, graphics, mailing lists, and utlook to assist departmental activities. * egular, reliable, and punctual attendance. *Due to internal and e ternal customer service needs, the incumbent must be able to work a fulltime schedule, onsite appropriate City worksites . *Attends meeting during the evening hours and on weekends. *Works effectively under pressure and with frequent interruptions. *Completes work and projects in a thorough and timely manner. * nderstands and follows directions from supervisor, posted work rules and procedures. *Communicates clearly and concisely, both orally and in writing; works courteously and

4 Books That Show You How to Write

4 Books That Show You How to Write 4 Books That Show You How to Write 4 Books That Show You How to Write By Mark Nichol No, that headline doesn’t read â€Å"Four Books That Tell You How to Write.† The verb is show, and that’s exactly what I mean. This post does not list writing guides, but if you want to learn how to create a memorable reading experience, follow the excellent examples below. Note that this is not a definitive list of the most exemplary books; it’s just four I’ve read recently that have fascinated me and made me think, â€Å"Gee, I wish I had written that† (and I can think of no better testimonial than that). 1. How to Distract People from the Fact That Your Book Is Educational by Making Them Laugh Book: In a Sunburned Country (Bill Bryson) Bryson, in this book and many others, sets out to entertain people and does so with great flair (and success). But he also loves to share his knowledge (and his passion for knowledge) with readers, and enhances nutritious information with tasty toppings of humor and whimsy. This book about his travels through and insights about Australia (a nation that, given its environment, is even more improbably successful than the United States) delights as it informs. Bryson has also written or edited books about science (A Brief History of Nearly Everything and others), language (The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way and others), and more, and even when his work doesn’t live up to expectations (At Home: A Short History of Private Life), it’s still fun and fascinating. 2. How to Top Off an Engrossing Story About Exploration with an Ironic Twist Book: The Lost City of Z (David Grann) Few tropes stir the romantic adventurer in us as much as a jungle-exploration saga, and this book, based on the archetypal expedition into Green Hell from which popular culture has derived many of its notions about the subject, does the larger-than-life topic proud. The author retraces the steps of legendary Great White Explorer Percy Fawcett (allegedly an inspiration for Arthur Conan Doyle’s Professor Challenger), who, accompanied only by his son and the younger Fawcett’s best friend, set out to find evidence of a great civilization in the Amazonian jungle. The members of the expedition never returned nor, apparently, did many other adventurers who sought glory by attempting to discover both Fawcett’s fate and the object of his quest. Grann concludes this mesmerizing tale with a wry realization about the expedition’s goal that’s just too good for any but the most adept Hollywood treatment. 3. How to Debunk a Myth with an Even More Compelling Story Book: Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War (Nathaniel Philbrick) Philbrick peels away the facile fiction about Thanksgiving by booking readers passage on a sorely overcrowded one-hundred-foot-long sailing ship with a hundred passengers and more than two dozen crew members and integrating these additional travelers, through commanding scholarship and vivid writing, into the historic settlement the colonists formed against all odds. The story of their harrowing, heartbreaking first winter and their fumbling attempts to get along with their native neighbors, and an accurate account of their day(s) of thanks, stripped of schoolbook holiday hoo-haw, is refreshing. This account is framed by details about what led a band of religious dissidents and assorted â€Å"Strangers† (split about evenly in numbers) to unite in this venture, and by chapters chronicling the tragic misunderstandings and missteps that led to war between their descendants and their erstwhile indigenous allies. Tied together seamlessly, these episodes describe in a nutshell the story of the United States. 4. How to Make Being a Dork Seem (Momentarily) Cool Book: Moonwalking with Einstein: The Art and Science of Remembering Everything (Joshua Foer) Foer, the brother of the editor of the New Republic and of novelist Jonathan Safran Foer, holds his own against the literary accomplishments of his older siblings with this absorbing account of how he immersed himself in the highly esoteric world of memory masters and well, I won’t spoil it for you. Chancing on information about people who demonstrate prodigious memorization skills in competitions they train for with the intensity of Olympic athletes, Foer decides to try it out for himself, and takes us along for the ride. Along the way, we meet the man who inspired Dustin Hoffman’s character in Rain Man, as well as purported savant Daniel Tammet, whose memorization wizardry Tammet himself (perhaps disingenuously) attributes to autism, in addition to various mental athletes who seem to be exactly the type of poorly groomed, socially inept geeks you’d expect to find devoting much time and effort to a seemingly useless skill. But Foer also shares fascinating facts and history about memorization, and though he soon retires from his short career as a memory-competition participant, advocates the techniques he learned as tools any amateur will find beneficial in life. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .5 Examples of Insufficient Hyphenation

The Trade income distribuition from 2005 to 2010 in saudi arabia Research Paper

The Trade income distribuition from 2005 to 2010 in saudi arabia - Research Paper Example The national income of the country has been unevenly distributed because the trade income is based majorly on the oil sectors. The government is more focused on minimizing poverty rather than mitigating the gap between the incomes. The trade income of the country can possibly be considered as a reason of the spread of such inequality in income. The expanded trade produce and the changes in the income distribution have been highly imbalanced over the last few years in Saudi Arabia. However, freer trade is only possible with the use of better political as well as socio economic development of the economy. The empirical growth theory has been propounded on whether the government expenditure can promote the growth of the economy. Saudi Arabia’s present economic score has been 62.2 making the economy 77th freest economy in the world as per the economic index of 2014. The oil-based economic system backed by absolute monarchy rule has been the major reason for the steady economic development of the country. Fiscal policy is observed to be a key element of Saudi Arabia’s macroeconomic policies stressing on the financing investment and the consumption activities. Parallel to the above economic trends the country is also observed to be the fastest growing economy in the Middle East and North Africa regions. The governm ent of Saudi Arabia gives major importance to the public expenditures, which broadly includes wide ranges of expenditures ranging from wages to the public welfare and human resource reinforcement. Considerably, it could be noted that the discovery of the oil in the commercial quantity brought major changes in the economic development of the country. During the Post-World War II, the country took active participation in the export of oil all over the globe. Consequently, the steady export of oil led to the development of a strong infrastructure of the country, which assisted in developing the economic growth of the country in return

Position of Comcast Corporation in the Environment Assignment

Position of Comcast Corporation in the Environment - Assignment Example This justifies why in its value statement, ‘As we shape the future of media and technology, our 139,000 employees strive to earn the respect and trust of our customers, our shareholders and members of the communities we serve’ has captured major stakeholders including shareholders, employees, clients and the general public. Nonetheless, from this value statement, it is evident that the primary stakeholders of the company are employees, customers, and the public. It highlights what needs to be done to each of these stakeholders based on their diverse demands, interests, and expectations. Actually, the consideration of the welfare of these stakeholders is very important. It is a good decision that was made by the management because it can help in motivating everyone to enable the company to achieve its objectives. Personally, I am convinced that the company’s value statement is in alignment with the demands of its primary stakeholders. By stating that it is committe d to earning respect from them, it is proven that it is not focused on profit-maximization, but cares about each of its stakeholders. I believe that this has been the driving force in the company because it has been taking a lot of measures and initiatives to satisfy its clientele. This has been achieved by offering exceptionally high-quality services at affordable rates at all times. Although it has been accused of focusing too much on profit-making, the truth is that the company treats its stakeholders in a better manner.

Environmentally sustainable business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmentally sustainable business - Essay Example o grow; the concerns about social interactions between the industry and its workers, customers, partners etc (Sustainable Aviation Progress Report, 2009). Hence, applying Zadek’s â€Å"Four Stages of Issue Maturity† framework, all issues affecting an industry could be categorised into four different stages: namely, latent, emerging, consolidating and institutionalised (Zadek, 2004). A latent social issue is the one that exists but has not been widely known. An emerging issue is just catching the attention of the public but has not been fully debated or addressed. Consolidating stage reveals that the issue has been recognised but this is the time to test the efficacy of the solutions for it. And such a social issue becomes institutionalised when there are laws and regulations to guide the implementation of its solutions in the concerned industry (Zadek, 2004). Therefore, the environmental and social issues affecting the UK aviation industry are tabulated as follows: All the environmental and social issues affecting UK aviation industry outlined above can be summarized into three main headings: climate change issues; local environmental problems; and economic and social concerns. These issues are of utmost importance in the sense that they exert huge impacts on the environments and the economic situations in the United Kingdom. However, if all these issues receive prompt and efficient responses from the aviation industry players, it will reveal their level or extent of sustainability and social responsibility in the societies. 2. The Sustainable Aviation Progress Report 2009 reveals some strategic approaches taken by UK aviation players in addressing the issues hinted above. These approaches or responses can be best analysed using the Sustainable Value Framework model proposed by Hart and Milstein (2003). The model is made of four major quadrants as shown below: There are Today, Tomorrow, Internal and External quadrants. What this signifies is that Today

Cocaine Abuse Detection with Double Confirmation Technique

Cocaine Abuse Detection with Double Confirmation Technique Introduction Throughout history, natural and synthetic drugs have been used for many uses. The first drugs were based on natural sources [1] and it is common practice to isolate a drug from its natural sources before synthesis. Usage of these drugs is regulated by governmental organizations, in the U.S.A. the Food and Drug Organization achieves this goal, and any use that is not approved is commonly frowned upon. The deviation of the use of drugs from their approved medical practice is termed drug abuse. The practice of drug abuse is as old as drugs itself. Drugs that alter mood have always existed and the approved usage is partially constructed by society. For example, alcohol use is normal, and sometimes excessively celebrated, in western culture but is prohibited in some religious cultures. While there are several other drugs that are abused daily, this review will be mainly focused on cocaine and its abuse [2]. Originally derived from the coca plant, the history of cocaine use can be detailed as far back as 600 AD. It was common practice for Peruvian Indians to digest the leaves for its euphoric effects. In the 1880s, it was first isolated to use in anesthetic agents due to its abilities as a vasoconstrictor. By 1885, coca could be found in various products such as cigarettes and Coca Cola. Other soft drinks and alcoholic beverages also contained cocaine at the time. However, once news surfaced of cocaine addiction, the perspectives regarding cocaine began to shift. Laws were enacted against cocaine use and by the 1950s, the earlier cocaine abuse was forgotten. However, the more potent version of cocaine, crack, became popular in the 80s and a rise of cocaine abuse followed. It was popular to administer the alkaloid via inhalation or intravenous injections. It was also placed under the tongue (oral sublingual), rubbed on the skin, or inserted into the vagina/anus [2]. Due to its rampant usa ge, it became evident that a method to test for cocaine presence in the human body was necessary to curb its abuse. The purpose of general drug testing is to identify and detect the drug in question, and in turn, deter its usage. An unlimited amount of drugs can be detected in drugs and the sample can be re-tested several times. The analytical techniques utilized in drug testing are separated into two classes: assays based on molecule recognition and separation techniques such as gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography (LC-MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The art of drug testing combines different analytical techniques into a two-tier system where the first step is a quick screening followed by a confirmation step to confirm the results. While the quick on-site screening reduces costs and errors from delays between sampling and analysis, the possibility of false results is lowered with a confirmation step [3]. The biological specimen normally used in these tests is blood and urine; each with its benefits and downfalls. The use of urine as a biological speci men is the cheapest option and as a result, it is most commonly used. However, it is difficult to handle and it is easy to cheat the testing system since people are not watched when the sample is collected. The use of blood offered the advantage of monitoring the patient while the sample is collected. However, blood is also difficult to handle and store and isolating the sample from blood complicates drug testing [4]. As a result, other biological specimens such as hair, sweat, and nasal mucus have been researched as alternatives. In the case of cocaine, this article shows that mucus can be used as an alternative specimen to test for cocaine presence. A two-tier system was developed that utilizes ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and infrared spectroscopy(IR) to test for cocaine in mucus was developed and refined. Mucus was the specimen of interest because it is a non-invasive collection process and unlike blood and urine, the parent compound is present. IMS is a technique with high sensitivity so it will be able to identify positive samples and IR possesses high selectivity so it will be able to confirm these positive results. As a result, IMS is used to detect if the sample is present and IR is used to confirm the original result. Methods and Results Twelve seized cocaine samples with concentrations varying from 25-80% w/w were utilized in conjunction with mucus specimen collected from cocaine users. These users were male from 25 years old to 40 years old. Cocaine-free mucus was obtained from males and females from 25 40 years old. Note that the seized cocaine samples were utilized to develop the method and the collected samples were used to test the method. A liquid chromatography procedure was utilized as the reference procedure. A LC Dionex P680 system was utilized and an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer was used as the mobile phase. For the IMS procedure, an IONSCAN-LS system was used to analyze the samples. Nicotinamide acted as an internal calibrant in order to collect a plasmagram for the sample being tested. A Teflon membrane was used to insert the sample into the machine and to prevent any systematic errors, a blank Teflon membrane was inserted in the machine beforehand. For the IR procedure, a Tensor 27 FT-IR spectrometer was used to obtain the spectra and this was analyzed using the OPUS program. The transmission cell utilized to insert the sample had an open upper side in order to strengthen sensitivity. As a result, a normal cell with 2 mm windows now had Teflon spacers that were 0.5mm thick [3]. The IMS results comparing cocaine containing samples to non-cocaine samples are shown in figure 1a. The highest peak is from the internal calibrant with a K0 of 1.860 cm2 V-1sec-1 . Despite needing a mass spectrometer to assign the peaks, it can be hypothesized that the main peak present in the cocaine seized samples that is absent in non-cocaine users can be attributed to cocaine. Cocaine presents a peak at 15.07 ms drift time with a reduced mobility of 1.16 cm2 V-1sec-1 which matches the literature values. As a result, the characteristics of this peak were used to formulate a criterion that determines the presence of cocaine. Within each plasmagram in question, one must look for the K0 value, a variability value of 50  µg of the peak drift time, a peak amplitude of 1.5, a threshold value of 20, and a full width value at the 1/2maximul amplitude of the peak of 200  µs. Once the IMS results were formulated, two seized samples that tested positive underwent an IR procedu re. The resulting spectra presented a plethora of absorption bands but three are of interest: the stretching of the carbonyl group causes a band at 1726 cm-1; the mono-substituted benzene stretches and causes a band at 1017 cm-1; and out-of-plane bending vibrations cause a band at 965 cm-1. Therefore, a criterion must also be formulated to determine the presence of cocaine. Within an IR spectrum, one should look for peaks within three regions: 1786 to 1701 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, from 1363 to 1257 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, and 1166 to 950 cmà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 [3]. In order to determine the most effective means in collecting mucus, an artificial sniffer to replicate the nose was developed and two different types of swabs were tested. In these studies, a benzocaine, lidocaine, and lactose mixture was utilized. 50 mg of the mixture was sniffed with the artificial sniffer and different swabs were used to collect the samples. The procedure was repeated thrice in order to determine recovery efficiency. The two swabs tested were a double cotton tipped polystyrene stick and single cotton tipped wood stick. Looking at figure 1b and 1c, it is evident that the double cotton tipped polystyrene stick is better for powdered compounds mixed in with mucus so this stick is recommended for mucus collection [3]. If one is to develop a technique to detect and identify an analyte, thresholds must be determined for these assays. By using successive dilutions of a cocaine standard of 1000 mg/L, the limit of detection (LOD) of the IMS technique was determined to be 15 pg. This means that if cocaine is present at any lower amounts, the IMS technique cannot be used to generate a true positive value. The limit of concentration (LOC) was used to determine the threshold for the IR technique. This value was determined to be 100  µg and if any sample is tested to be below this concentration, it cannot be confirmed to be cocaine[3]. Another factor that must be considered is the time delay between administration of drug and drug testing. As a result, the IMS+IR method was performed on these samples with varying times from 15 minutes up until 120 mins, and then after 24 hours. In figure 2c, cocaine was still identifiable up until 120 mins and even after 24 hours, traces were still detectable via the IMS technique [3]. In order for this new method to be viable, the possibility of interference from other compounds must be ruled out. In street cocaine, the product is cut in order to maximize profit. In other words, other anesthetics are mixed in to reduce the amount of cocaine needed to make a profit. In order to show that these common cutting agents do not interfere with the method, these compounds were analyzed by IMS and IR. Evident in figure 3, almost all cutting agents do not overlap with the distinct cocaine peak except for tetracine that has a peak at 15.25 ms with a K0 of 1.151 cm2 V-1sec-1, oxymetazoline at 14.90 ms with a K0 of 1.165 cm2 V-1sec-1, and xylometazoline at 14.77 ms with a K0 of 1.168 cm2 V-1sec-1. These three were analyzed by IR and their spectra (Figure 3) can be distinguished from cocaines spectra. The correlation coefficents were calculated to be less than 90% so the probability of false positives is close to zero. The worry that competitive ionization would also create false positives was also quenched by evaluating different mixtures of cocaine and cutting agents and in most cases, cocaine was detected. The use of other compounds such as a xylomethazoline-containing nasal spray and a topical ointment were tested using the double confirmation method. The only exception is the 1:5 and 1:10 ratio of tetracaine and cocaine. It seems like when cocaine is diluted, the cutting agent causes a shift in cocaines peak in the IMS plasmagram. However, the IR spectra can confirm the presence of this sample. Throughout this process, only one false positive showed up, the 1:10 ratio of lidocaine and cocaine due it the correlatio n coefficient being less than 90% [3]. Now that the method has been fully developed, it was tested using the cocaine samples collected from individuals. 35 samples were collected, nine samples were from individuals who did not use cocaine and the rest used. It is a bit difficult to quantify the amount of cocaine in the mucus due to the matrix but the purpose of the method to detect and identify the analyte. The samples also underwent a liquid chromatography procedure as a reference for the data. As evident in figure 4, the number of false positives is zero using the double confirmation technique. Even when the nose was cleaned with saline before sample collection, the method was still able to detect and identify the analyte afterwards [3]. Discussion This double confirmation technique has been proven to be a successful method for cocaine abuse. The thresholds for each step has been determined and it is recommended that a double cotton tipped polystyrene stick should be used for extractions. The laboratory equipment used can be found in smaller sizes, in order to use outside of lab. As mentioned earlier, some advantages with this technique include easier specimen collection, high selectivity and sensitivity, low risk of interference, and its ability to generate a true positive response up to two hours of exposure [3]. Other techniques with similar advantages are currently being developed as well. Scientists in Europe have developed a surface mass spectrometry technique that detects cocaine from fingerprints [5]. Researchers have suggested sweat patch testing as an alternative to urinalysis for cocaine abuse [6]. However, the possibility of cheating this new method via nasal irrigation and neti pots raises some questions about its application. In other words, if someone has the ability to flush out the main analyte from their nose, in what cases should this technique be utilized? Is it viable for drug testing for employers since people can just flush out their nose in succession a few days before the test? Is this technique more viable in a forensic sense? These are questions that need further research. References (Note:re-format for all of them to have the same format and re-order alphabetically) [1] Goodman Gilmans: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e Eds. Laurence L. Brunton, et al. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, , http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/content.aspx?bookid=1613sectionid=102124003. [2] Das, Gopal. Cocaine abuse in North America: a milestone in history. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33.4 (1993): 296-310. [3] Noninvasive Double Confirmation of Cocaine Abuse Sergio Armenta, Miguel de la Guardia, Manel Alcalà  , and Marcelo Blanco. Analytical Chemistry. 2013. 85. (23), 11382-11390 [4] Klaassen, Curtis D., and Mary O. Amdur, eds. Casarett and Doulls toxicology: the basic science of poisons. Vol. 8. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. [5] Bailey, Melanie J., et al. Rapid detection of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and methylecgonine in fingerprints using surface mass spectrometry. Analyst 140.18 (2015): 6254-6259. [6] Liberty, Hilary James, Bruce D. Johnson, and Neil Fortner. Detecting Cocaine Use Through Sweat Testing: Multilevel Modeling of Sweat Patch Length-of-Wear Data. Journal of analytical toxicology 28.8 (2004): 667-673. Print.

Philosophy of Milton in When I Consider how my Light is Spent and Borge

The Philosophy of Milton in When I Consider how my Light is Spent and Borges in Poema de los dones  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Jorge Luis Borges espoused a philosophy that "all men are each other" (Stabb 52). His literature frequents the theme by finding the repetition of events that transpire regardless of the person involved. His becoming blind coincided with his appointment as Director of the National Library of Argentina, and he understood this "splendid irony of God" as another wrinkle in the circular repetition of existence. John Milton's formal use of the Petrarchan sonnet provides a balanced structure for him to blend his experience with the general human experience, but his effort promotes an inward, self-reflective goal of trying to find God's mandate when he becomes blind. While Borges universalizes his blindness in order to convey his idea of transindividuality in "Poema de los dones" ("Poem of the Gifts"), Milton responds to the permanence of his night by ultimately resigning to a justified ascetism, patience, and contemplation as he awaits God's command in "When I Consider how my L ight is Spent."    A graceful tug of war between continuity and schism, a changing fusion of the personal and the universal, and a tone of resignation direct Milton to the difficult acceptance of serving God by standing and waiting. Continuity within a set of lines shapes the theme by urging the poet to continue his faith in God. Contrasts in images and audiences define the differences between the soul-seeking author and the well-meaning orator.    Petrarchan sonnets usually invite the poet to propose a series of distinct statements from line to line. Milton deviates from the anticipated sentence divisions by merging one idea within m... ...Milton: A Structural Reading. London: Edward Arnold, 1974.    Borges, Jorge Luis. Borges: A Reader. Eds. Emir Rodriguez Monegal and Alastair Reid. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1981.    Miller, David M. John Milton: Poetry. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978.    Milton, John. "When I Consider how my Light is Spent." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Sixth Edition. Ed. M.H. Abrams et al. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.    Modern Critical Views: Jorge Luis Borges. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.    Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. John Milton: A reader's guide to his poetry. New York: Octagon Books, 1983.    Stabb, Martin S. Jorge Luis Borges. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1970.    Wilson, A.N. The Life of John Milton. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.      

Remote Desktop

Ever wished you could access your PC from the road? With Remote Desktop inWindows 7, you can. Remote Desktop connects two computers over a network or the Internet. Once connected, you'll see the remote computer's desktop as if you were sitting right in front of it, and have access to all its programs and files. This feature is included with all editions of Windows 7, but you can only connect to computers running the Professional, Ultimate, or Enterprise editions. Use Remote Desktop to access one computer from another remotely. For example, you can use Remote Desktop to connect to your work computer from home. You will have access to all of your programs, files, and network resources, as if you were sitting in front of your computer at work. While you are connected, the remote computer screen will appear blank to anyone at the remote location who sees it. Server and Client Requirements The computing model for thin-client networking means that the horsepower is concentrated on the server end, not the client end. Because the server will be supporting dozens of people — maybe hundreds — this is not the time to skimp on power. Server Hardware The notion of using a bigger server so that you can skimp on client-side hardware isn't new. That's all a file server is: a computer running a big, fast hard disk so that you don't have to buy big, fast hard disks for everyone in the office. RDS servers are designed on a similar principle — if most of the processing takes place in a single location, you can concentrate the hardware resources needed to support that processing in a single location and worry less about power on the client end. Use a Powerful RD Session Host Server Since an RD Session Host server will be serving applications or full desktops to clients, you'll need to purchase or build a powerful server. Processing power and RAM are the most important resources. Depending on the types and number sessions you're supporting, you may also want to consider boosting disk access and network bandwidth. On the surface, calculating the needs seems straightforward. Just follow these steps: 1. 2. Calculate the resources needed for the operating system. 3. . Calculate the resources needed for a small number of sessions (such as five). 5. 6. Multiply the resources needed for your sessions based on the total number of sessions you plan to support. If you planned to support 100 sessions and you measured five sessions, you'd multiply by 20 (20 * 5 = 100 sessions). 7. 8. Add the total session resources needed for sessions to the resources needed for the operating system. Although this seems like simple math, it never seems to work out that way. Synergy is often hard to predict. Synergy (where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts) often results in something unexpected. Additionally, if the deployment is successful and users are happy with what they can do, they may end up using it much more than you anticipated. You don't need to tell this to the budget people, but it's best to add a buffer for the unknowns and to plan for expansion. Additionally, you should do some independent research starting with Microsoft's Remote Desktop Services home: www. microsoft. com/windowsserver2008/en/us/rds-product home. aspx. Core Hardware Resources For the purposes of running an efficient RD Session Host server, the bare minimum required to run Server 2008 R2 won't cut it. Although there are no hard-and-fast specifications for an RDS server, some general guidelines for server sizing follow: Processor Faster is better to a point. More important than a fast processor is one with enough cache so that it doesn't have to reach out to the (slower) system memory for code and data. Faced with a choice between more cache and more speed, go with more cache. Most RDS servers these days have multiple processors, and these processors have multiple cores. Although only multithreaded applications will actually use more than one processor at a time, if there are multiple processors, then threads needing execution can line up at both. Memory RDS servers tend to be memory bound, not processor bound. Get high-speed, error-correcting memory; get plenty of it; and be prepared to add more as you add more users or applications to the RDS server. The amount of memory you'll need depends on the applications that people use, the number of concurrent sessions, and the memory demands of the files opened in those sessions — computer-aided design (CAD) programs will stress the system more than, say, Notepad. Thankfully, the 64-bit operating system goes well beyond the 4GB limit. Start your calculations with at least 8GB of RAM for the server, and start adding based on the of number of users and memory required by the applications they'll run on the server. Windows Server 2008 R2 will support up to 2TB of RAM. Disk Consider Serial Computer System Interface (SCSI) disks on an RDS server if at all possible. A SCSI disk controller can multitask among all the devices in the SCSI chain. Most people believe that SCSI performs much better both Serial Advanced Technology Attachment(SATA) and Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) disks, though some people are starting to find that high-end SATA solutions perform better than low-end SCSI solutions. Disk performance is an important capability in any server, especially so in an RDS server. Additionally, consider a Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) solution to increase the performance and/or fault tolerance of the drives. For a high-end RDS server, a RAID 1+0 solution provides both performance gains and redundancy. Network On a busy RDS server, consider load-balancing high-speed network cards, which can assign multiple NICs to the same IP address and thus split the load of network traffic. Another alternative is a multihomed server with one NIC dedicated to RDS session traffic. As far as network speed goes, sending application output and client-side input back and forth requires little bandwidth, but client-print jobs sent to mapped printers can take quite a bit of bandwidth. Mapped drives may also increase the load by making it possible to copy files back and forth across the RDP connection. Using the Performance Monitor The Performance Monitor (discussed in Chapter 17) can help you get an idea of how RDS sessions are stressing the server. Server load should scale closely with the number of people using the server; therefore, as long as you pick a representative group of about five people, you should be able to extrapolate your needs for larger groups. The key objects and counters for measuring eneral server stress introduced in that chapter will help you size your RDS servers. But a couple of Performance Monitor objects are worth examining to give you detailed information for your RDS server. Performance Monitor Objects Still Called Terminal Services Although the name of Terminal Services has changed to Remote Desktop Services in Windows Server 2008 R2, it's still called Terminal Services in Performance Monitor. It might look like a typo, but the two ob jects are called Terminal Services and Terminal Services Session. First, the Terminal Services object has counters representing the number of active sessions (sessions where the user has connected to the RD Session Host server and successfully logged on), inactive sessions (where the user is still logged onto the RDS server but has stopped using the session), and the total combined. Besides simply monitoring activity, you could use this to alert you when the number of active session reaches a certain threshold. Say you wanted to know when a server hosts more than 100 sessions. You could do this with a data collector set. Chapter 17 discussed data collector sets in more depth, but it's possible to set up a simple user-defined data collector set with an alert. This is done by creating the user-defined data collector set manually (not with a template), selecting Performance Counter Alert, and then setting the threshold for the active sessions. You can then set a task for the alert to notify you with a basic script or log the event to a file. Although you can get some session-level information from the Remote Desktop Services Manager, a performance object called Terminal Services Session provides quite a bit more data. Use the Remote Desktop Services Manager to find the session you want to monitor — sessions are identified in Performance Monitor by their session numbers, not user login name — and then add counters to monitor that session. Each session object has processor and memory counters that should look familiar to anyone who's used Performance Monitor, but it also has session-specific counters such as the ones in Table 25. 1. We haven't included all the counters here, just the ones to show you the kind of information that will be useful when you're calculating the load on the server and looking at the kind of performance the sessions are getting. Table 25. 1: Key Terminal Services Session Performance Monitor Counters Counter| Description| See Also| % Processor Time| Percentage of time that all of the threads in the session used the processor to execute instructions. On multiprocessor machines the maximum value of the counter is 100 percent times the number of processors. | | Total Bytes| Total number of bytes sent to and from this session, including all protocol overhead. | Input Bytes, Output Bytes. | Total Compressed Bytes| Total number of bytes after compression. Total Compressed Bytes compared with Total Bytes is the compression ratio. | Total Compression Ratio| Total Protocol Cache Hit Ratio| Total hits in all protocol caches holding Windows objects likely to be reused. Hits in the cache represent objects that did not need to be re-sent, so a higher hit ratio implies more cache reuse and possibly a more responsive session. | Protocol Save Screen Bitmap Cache Hit Ratio, Protocol Glyph Cache Hit Ratio, Protocol Brush Cache Hit Ratio| Working Set| Current number of bytes in the Working Set of this session. Virtual Bytes, Page Faults/Sec| Wait on the License Server When experimenting with Remote Desktop sessions to find out how many users you'll be able to support for each session, do not set up a license server; let the RDS server issue its temporary 120-day licenses for this purpose. Although this sounds counterintuitive, using the temporary licenses prevents you from unwittingly assigning per-device licenses to test equipment. See the  "Licensing Mode† section for an explanation of how licensing and license allocation works. Client Hardware. When connecting to an RD Session Host server via a native RDP client, you'll most often use a PC with a Windows operating system loaded, a Windows terminal, or a handheld PC using Windows CE. Native RDP Client In this context, a native RDP client means one available from Microsoft and thus implies Windows. Although Microsoft does not support other platforms (except for its OS X Macintosh client, available for download at www. microsoft. com/mac/products/remote-desktop/default. mspx), Hobsoft link sells a cross-platform (Windows, Mac, Linux, DOS) Java client at www. hobsoft. com/products/connect/jwt. sp, and there is a free Linux RDP client available at www. rdesktop. org. Windows Terminals In its narrowest definition, a Windows terminal is a network-dependent device runningWindows CE that supports one or more display protocols such as RDP or Independent Computing Architecture (ICA), the display protocol used to connect to Presentation Server servers. Many Windows ter minals also support some form of terminal emulation. For this section, think of a Windows terminal as any terminal device designed to connect to a Windows RD Session Host server; it can run any operating system that has an RDP client. A Windows-based terminal (WBT) is such a device that's running a Windows operating system locally — CE or (more rarely) Windows XP/Vista for Embedded Systems — and follows the Microsoft system design requirements for WBTs. The main thing defining a Windows terminal is its thin hardware profile: because the main job of most Windows terminals is to run a display protocol, they don't need much memory or processing power, and they don't use any storage. A Windows terminal includes a processor; some amount of memory, network, and video support; and input devices such as a keyboard (or equivalent) and mouse (or equivalent). The terminals don't generally have hard disks, CD-ROMs, or DVD players. The operating system is stored in local memory. Beyond those similarities, Windows terminals range physically from a â€Å"toaster† form factor to a pad to a small box that can attach to the back of a monitor — or even be part of the monitor itself. Some models of Windows terminals are wireless tablets, intended for people (such as doctors and nurses) who would ordinarily use clipboards and folders to store information. Although most Windows terminals are entirely dependent on their RDS server, a small set of them can run applications locally. The devices still don't have hard disks; the applications are stored in ROM like the operating system. The types of applications available depend on the terminal's operating system, since locally stored applications must run locally instead of just being displayed. Generally speaking, however, it's more common for Windows terminals to depend on an RDS server for applications. Windows terminals are most popular in environments where people are using a single application, where supporting PCs would be logistically difficult, or anywhere else that PCs aren't a good fit. However, PCs still outnumber Windows terminals as thin clients. Part of this is because many environments can't depend totally on server-based computing. Companies already have PCs, and unless they're refreshing the desktop entirely, taking away a powerful PC to replace it with a less-powerful terminal doesn't really make sense. PC Clients At this point, people are using more than twice as many PCs as Windows terminals for RDS server client machines. This isn't surprising. First, unless they're starting fresh, people already have the PCs. Even though WBTs are a little less expensive than low-end PCs (not much, though), they're still an added cost. Second, not all applications work well in an RDS server environment. It's often best to run some applications from the RDS server and some locally. Unless you're buying new hardware and don't anticipate any need to run applications locally, you're likely to have to work with PCs for at least some of your terminal clients. To work with Remote Desktop Services, the PCs must be running a Windows operating system, have the RDP display protocol installed, and have a live network connection usingTCP/IP and a valid IP address. Handheld PCs We're surprised that handheld PCs (H/PCs) aren't more popular than they are, given how handy they are. They're a terrific substitute for a laptop — inexpensive, lightweight, and thrifty with their power so that you can actually use them during the entire flight instead of having to give up two hours after takeoff. (You can also use one on a plane without worrying that the person in front of you will suddenly recline their seat and crack your laptop's display. ) Usually, they run Windows Mobile (previously known as Pocket PC). You can use wired, wireless LAN, or dial-up connections to connect to an RDS server. What an H/PC looks like depends on who makes it. Some (mine among them) look like a laptop's baby brother. Others fold into a little portfolio shape or are a flat tablet. Some are small pocket-sized deals that are too small to really work on. Some — the ones we prefer — have keyboards; others have only pointers. What all this comes down to is that an H/PC isn't really in a position to replace a desktop PC. Instead, it's usually used in cooperation with a desktop machine with which it's partnered