Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning Free Essays

Cooperative larning benefits all pupils, from the higher academic degree to the lower academic degree. This paper will travel over all the benefits of concerted acquisition for English Language Learners ( ELL ) . Benefits include larning from their equals, larning academic vocabulary, and developing cognitive linguistic communication accomplishments. We will write a custom essay sample on Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will besides travel over the benefits of concerted acquisition for pupils how are non English Language Learners. Cooperative acquisition besides benefits peer relationships which helps pupils have a better and more positive attitude about school and go toing school. Benefits of Cooperative Learning For ELL Students An increasing figure of kids geting in schools in the U.S. are capable to troubles when it comes to larn how to read going literate in the English linguistic communication because they are non native English talkers. Besides, their early childhood experiences have non assisted in larning English, which is the chief linguistic communication in schools ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, A ; Terry 2001 ) . A concern in unifying ELL pupils into English merely classrooms became evident when it came to faculty members. Not merely did instructors of ELL pupils need to utilize second-language techniques, but they had to somehow acquire their ELL pupils more involved ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, A ; Terry 2001 ) . In recent old ages, more and more schoolrooms are turning to cooperative larning with their pupils. In traditional schoolrooms where the lesson is centered on the instructor giving talk, ELL pupils obtain less instructor and equal interaction, and any interaction is at a lower lingual and cognitive degree ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . Lessow-Hurley ( 2003 ) found that ELL pupils are placed in lower tracked schoolrooms and are hence non able to win academically. In lower tracked schoolrooms, instructors are frequently excessively busy or preoccupied with pupil behaviour. This comes at the cost of the ELL pupils being overlooked in the schoolroom. Concerted larning groups consisted of high degrees of pupil battle and the usage of higher degree cognitive procedures ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, A ; Terry 2001 ) . Concerted acquisition is more accommodative and helpful than competitory and individualistic acquisition experiences ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . Teachers need to hold high degree outlooks for all their pupils, including their ELL pupils. Concerted larning groups can assist all pupils obtain higher degree thought and accomplishment ( Cohan A ; Honigsfeld, 2006 ) . Concerted Learning and Cognitive Skills When kids from all backgrounds, including ELL, work together in concerted groups, they develop an apprehension of the intent of the group and of the lesson. They develop a demand to assist and back up each other ‘s acquisition. When pupils worked in concerted groups in the schoolroom, they were continuously more accommodative and supportive. They used linguistic communication that was more comprehensive and would give more description to help other pupils with their apprehension ( Gillies A ; Ashman, 2000 ) . ELL pupils can profit from concerted acquisition because the equals in their groups are at times more cognizant than the instructors at what precisely the pupils do non understand. Their equals can assist concentrate on the job and explicate the needful information in looks that are more easy understood ( Gillies A ; Ashman, 2000 ) . In concerted acquisition groups, ELL pupils are able to see a higher degree of accomplishment when it comes to accommodating to the basic civilization, linguistic communication, and imposts of the schoolroom. Concerted acquisition helps student acquisition and keeping by triping and prosecuting the pupils ‘ cognitive procedure of cryptography, incorporating, uniting, and changing the standard information into a more personally meaningful signifier ( Buttaro, 2002 ) . It is of import that pedagogues should believe about what is of import in the lesson that is utilizing concerted acquisition and what precisely should all pupils gain from it. When decently implemented, pupils are non merely able to work together, but they are able to better their interpersonal communicating accomplishments. Students are besides learn how to work with a diverse group of pupils. Cooperative acquisition allows all pupils to work together to work out jobs, create undertakings, and develop increased cognition ( Stewart A ; Gonzalez, 2006 ) . Concerted Learning and Peer Relationships Cooperative acquisition besides promotes larning and positive equal relationships. Positive equal relationships are of import to pupils during the early stripling old ages because their peer relationships take precedency during this clip in pupils ‘ lives. A pupil ‘s equal relationship plays a really important and critical function with the pupil ‘s connexion to school. Students who did non get positive equal relationships during this clip are more likely to drop out of school. As stated before, concerted acquisition has been shown to ease academic acquisition for all pupils, including ELL pupils, better and more encouraging equal relationships, and better attitudes toward school ( Stevens 2006 ) . Stevens besides found positives when it came to group ends and mutuality when instructors used concerted acquisition in their schoolrooms: Typically concerted acquisition utilizations group ends, where for one member of the group to win all of the members of the group must win. As a consequence, positive mutuality develops within the group – the equals support and actuate one another, taking to more positive equal dealingss and more societal credence of one another. As the same clip, the single answerability promotes each person ‘s acquisition, ensuing in greater accomplishment. In kernel, concerted acquisition uses equals as both an instructional and motivational resource, taking advantage of pupils ‘ increasing sense of independency and stronger equal orientations during adolescence. Decision Cooperative larning benefits all pupils when set together decently by the pedagogue. ELL pupils are able to larn from their equals and make a higher degree of academic accomplishment. Students non merely will larn from each other, but they will be able to larn how to work in groups with other pupils from different backgrounds. Learning how to work with others is an indispensable accomplishment for all pupils to hold in their academic calling and in their professional calling when they become older. Cooperative larning non merely benefits pupils when larning a specific accomplishment or criterion, but it besides benefits ELL pupils when larning academic vocabulary and communicating accomplishments. Most ELL pupils remain quiet in the schoolroom because they are diffident of the academic vocabulary. Because of this, ELL pupils tend to go over looked. Concerted larning groups will assist ELL pupils become more involved in the assignment and hence derive more acquisition and vocabulary. Once ELL pupils gain more of the vocabulary, they will more likely to go more involved in category treatments. ELL pupils will besides make better academically on separately assignments when they are able to larn from their equals and larn the academic vocabulary. Educators should utilize concerted acquisition more and more in their schoolrooms. Cooperative larning non merely benefits ELL pupils, but pupils with learning disablements are besides able to larn from their equals. They besides are able to have the same benefits when larning a new criterion or accomplishment and academic vocabulary as ELL pupils. High degree pupils are able to larn how to work with pupils who are at a lower degree. Learning how to work with their equals at all different degrees will profit them when it comes to working in groups in the hereafter. How to cite Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning, Free Case study samples

Cooperate Governance ASX Corporate Governance

Question: Discuss about the Cooperate Governancefor ASX Corporate Governance. Answer: Cooperate governance, are the measures and practices a company is controlled with, it deals with the balancing of the stakeholder's interests. That is the shareholders, managers, and the customers. For Woolworths Company, the practices are central to its set up. This is done voluntary by the board to comply with the ASX Corporate Governance Council recommendations and principals document. The Cooperate Governance Framework The board of directors governs the company, where each is held accountable by the shareholders, as it is answerable for the direction to which the firm takes, this is done by a delegated framework to the companys management, by delegating implementations to be followed[1]. The board has also established other committees in the company to help in monitor its requirements, for example, the sustainability, people policy, and the audit and risk management committee. The responsibilities for the governance are many, for example, the discloser requirements delegated. As the business is listed on the ASX, which requires constant disclosure under the Corporation Act. This includes the information on material pricing, which helps the investor in noting whether to hold or dispose of the Woolworth securities. Such requirements keep the company from disclosing the pricing information till the ASX in notified and has acknowledged the real seas of the data to the market[2]. Aspects of the companys corporate governance Reasons for adopting corporate governance- This is done to oversee the best interests of the company and also to build a better relationship with the shareholders. Measurement indicators-it the quality of governance and the value of shares regarding improvements and the satisfaction of the shareholders. Policies and guidelines- this are the measures and standards that the company lays down, Disclosure information-this is the ability of the business to provide current information to the shareholders and the market at large. Bibliography Hancock, Phil, M. E. Bazley, and Peter Robinson. Contemporary accounting: a strategic approach for users. South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia, 2015 Plessis, J. J., James McConvill, and Mirko Bagaric. Principles of contemporary corporate governance. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005

Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Essay Example

Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans Paper There are many scientists who say that humans are the cause of global warming. With all the talk about green house gases going up and the amount of emissions that humans are putting into the atmosphere, not very many people talk about the other side of the story. By proving that humans are not the Cause of Global warming people will better understand what really is causing global warming. There are three very important points that one needs to look at when discussing the issue of global warming. One is ICC concentrations are not very high at all. The second is that solar cycles cause eating on not only earth but other planets. The last would be that global warming Of the earth is a natural cycle that the earth goes through and has been going through for many years. It is very easy to get caught up in the global warming talk. One of the biggest issues is that of carbon dioxide. People claim that carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming but carbon dioxide concentrations are not all that high. People have studied that historically there has been much more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere than there is today for example: During the Jurassic Period, 200 million years ago, average ICC concentrations were bout 1 800 pump or about 4. 7 times higher than today. The highest concentrations of ICC during all of the Paleozoic Era occurred during the Cambrian Period, nearly 7000 pump about 18 times higher than today (Global Warming– Introduction). The Carboniferous Period and the Ordination Period were the only geological periods during the Paleozoic Era when global temperatures were as low as they are today (Global Warming, Introduction). To the concern of global warming proponents, the Late Ordination Period was also an Ice Age while at the same time ICC concentrations then were nearly 12 times higher than today– 4400 pump. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Is Not Caused by Humans specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to greenhouse theory, Earth should have been exceedingly hot. Instead, global temperatures were no warmer than today. With these facts there has to be other factors besides atmospheric carbon influencing earth’s temperatures and global warming. Plus Carbon dioxide is such a small component of Earth’s atmosphere that it is only about 0. 04% of all gases in the atmosphere. In the last 600 million years of Earth’s history only the Carboniferous Period and our present age, the Quaternary Period, have witnessed ICC levels less than 400 pump (Global Warming- Introduction). Scientists fight back saying that the increase in fossil fuels burning are causing the increase in temperature. Humans use of fossil fuels is just a small portion of the carbon dioxide that makes up our atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide from all coal burning worldwide comprises only 0. 013% Of the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere (Global Warming- Introduction). This is a very small portion of the Carbon Dioxide that humans contribute to the atmosphere, but what is the percentage of Carbon dioxide contributed by humans to the atmosphere? According to Greatcoat. Com carbon dioxide by human activity is just a minuscule . 17% of the entire atmosphere. There are far too many facts stating that carbon dioxide makes up just a little portion of the atmosphere. With humans only contributing only . 117% carbon dioxide in the entire atmosphere, humans cannot possibly be the cause of global warming. Solar Cycles show proof that humans are not the cause of global warming. Scientists have been observing warming on other planets not just earth. Planetary warming was observed on Mars, Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune largest moon Triton during decades following the peak of the Solar â€Å"Grand Maximum† (Solar Climate). These same observations are being made on Earth. Having this information how can scientists say that humans are causing global warming when other planets are experiencing the same warming, and humans are not there? According to Nick Frozen on launderers. Mom Pluto is moving further from the sun in its orbit, thus it should be cooling, but instead it is warming. This is one sign that shows that the climate change on Earth is caused by solar cycles. According to Frozen the sun is now changing from its solar Grand Maximum to its solar Grand Minimum. The Earth Heats up after every Grand Maximum lagging a bit after he peak (SolarClimate). Latest science reveals sharp increases in global warming precede sharp increases in carbon dioxide, not the other way around. Global warming causes more carbon dioxide to be released from the oceans (SolarClimate). Current research shows Earth’s oceans are now beginning to cool Frozen says it is also now clear that temperatures over the last century correlate far better with cycles in oceans than they do with carbon dioxide; and the temperature cycles in the oceans are caused by cycles of the sun In 2005 data from Anna’s Mars Global Surveyor and Odyssey Missions valued Global Surveyor and Odyssey missions revealed that the carbon dioxide â€Å"ice Caps† near Mar’s South pole had been diminishing for three summers in a row (National Geographic). Habitual Bodhisattva head of space research at SST. Petersburg Pullout Astronomical Observatory in Russia, says the Mars data is evidence that the current global warming on Earth is being caused by changes in the su n. â€Å"The long-term increase in solar radiance is heating both Earth and Mars,† he said (National Geographic). Bodhisattva believes that changes in the sun’s heat output can account for almost all the climate changes scientists have seen on both planets. Mars and Earth for instance, have experienced periodic ice ages throughout their histories (National Geographic). Abductors says that man-made greenhouse warming has made a small contribution to the warming seen on Early in recent years, but it cannot compete with the increase in solar radiance (National Geographic). Abductors research proves that humans are not the cause of global warming. Science Daily shows A study in the July 2002 issue of Journal of Geophysical Research-Space Physics, published by the American Geophysical Union, proposes for the first time that interstellar cosmic rays could be the missing link between the discordant temperatures observed during the last two decades (since recorded satellite records began in 1979). The report, by Fanning You of the State University of New York-Albany, proposes that the rays, tiny charged particles that bombard all planets with varying frequency depending on solar wind intensity, may have height-dependent effects on our planet’s cloudiness (Science Daily). â€Å"A systematic change in global cloud cover will change the atmospheric heating profile,† You said. â€Å"In other words, the cosmic ray-induced global cloud hanged could be the long-sought mechanism connecting solar and climate variability’ (Science Daily). With this discovery scientists are closer to proving that humans are not the caus e of global warming. Global warming is a cycle the earth has been going through for many years. There are natural cycles, over which we have no control, that dictate how warm the planet is (Absences). According to research conducted by professor Don Easternmost from Western Washington University last November, the oceans and global temperatures are correlated. The Oceans have a cycle in which they warm ND cool cyclically (Absences). One of the cycles scientists have named the Pacific Decal Oscillation (POD). In April 2008, scientists at Anna’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that while the La Ina was weakening, the Pacific Decal Oscillation-?a larger-scale, slower-cycling ocean pattern-?had shifted to its cool phase (NASA: POD). The picture to the right shows both the La Nina anomaly and the POD anomaly on a thermal map. For much of the asses and 1 sass it was a positive cycle which means warmer than average. Observations have revealed that global temperatures were warm too Absences). Scientists say that the oceans control a big part of the temperature and climate of every place in the world.

Life is Beautiful - La Vita e Bella

Life is Beautiful - La Vita e Bella The three time Oscar winning film "Life is Beautiful", directed and produced by Roberto Benigni showed War through the eyes of an innocent boy. The film set in the vividly romantic country of Italy, shows the life of two star crossed characters that fall platonically in love from the first encounter. Guido a young man with a lust for life and a talent for coming face to face with an assortment of mishaps meets the enchanting Dora. The film's setting, characters, and the plot all unify to show the beauty of love, the power of passion and the instincts of every parent to protect their child from harm and hate. The film shows how truly beautiful life with love can be and how vile life can be without love.The late 1930's Italy setting shows the typical everyday life in an Italy and the way people converse with each other.Guido GossensThe film pulls you into the warm and charming sun soaked streets of Italy where the warm colors and the alluring characters lit up the screen with their cha rm and energetic comedy. Guido and Dora meet in a series of misfortunate events with side splitting laughter. The two undaunted characters develop an unspoken love which soon becomes palpable with the arrival of their young son Joshua. His and his child- like features and imagination are threatened by the Nazis and Hitler's attacks in Europe; and everyday creeping closer in reach of Italy. Each day new clues that aren't lucid come into view and each day the warm, wine sipping, passionate, Italia becomes a dark, tedious country with the clouds of racism and anti-Semitism rolling in over the sun.As the humorist Guido, Joshua and the superlative Dora lead their care free lives, indulging their son with love and...

Rape, what to do while being raped, and reporting rape Essay

Rape, what to do while being raped, and reporting rape - Essay Example This paper is going to discuss what to do and how to report rape so that the rapist can be convicted for his shameful act. The main instinct would be to scream, shout, kick, punch and yell at the rapist. This helps when you are in crowd and your shouting may bring help to you. When you start getting the feeling in the first place that somebody is trying to harass you sexually by touching or through any other cues, you must first of all tell him loudly to leave you alone or shout â€Å"Help†. Then if you are attacked, then it is natural that you will and have to shout for your sake. Kick him in his groin hard enough to get his hands off you. But what if you are in a desolate place? Rapists like deserted places where the victims cannot call for help or where there are no witnesses. In that case, screaming will do no good and the better thing would be to submit to the rapist to keep him from getting more violent and hurting you more. Men usually like to see terror they cause in women’s eyes and they enjoy it. So, when there is no help around, it would be better to stay calm so that you can come up with some idea to end this up. But if you decide to fight which is natural, then hit the rapist if you have something sharp in your hand like a bottle or anything you can grab and hit that will make him change his mind from continuing. Another good tip is that you should pretend as if you are going to vomit on the rapist’s face (Crislip). You can also try biting his hands or ears which will cause him enough pain to get off you. You can also tell him that you are suffering from AIDS! After knowing this, he will sure ly not wish to rape you or will discontinue even in the middle of the rape. Though vulgar to state here, but a sure tip to get him off you is to grab his scrotum and squeeze it hard till he yells for his life. You can do this by pretending as if you are enjoying the act and then grabbing his sensitive area and hurting it hard. Whether you

The Disparity In Sentencing In The Criminal Justice System Essay

The Disparity In Sentencing In The Criminal Justice System - Essay Example In the mid 1970’s a remarkable burst of reforms (Walker, p. 112) were introduced whose main concern was about disparity and discrimination in sentencing. The indeterminate sentence was the main focus of the reform efforts. The sentence in which the offender received a minimum or maximum sentence and the date of release was decided by the parole board is known as indeterminate sentence. Under such sentencing the judge was to decide about the punishment by not only looking at the crime but also looking at the circumstances and the potential for rehabilitation. On the basis of this judgment the parole board was to decide the date of release. Discretion was distributed amongst not only to the justice officials but also the parole board. The result of this process was: "A system of sentencing in which there was little understanding or predictability as to who would be imprisoned and for how long" (Bureau of Justice Assistance, p. 6). Both the liberal and the conservative boards cha llenged the reforms. The liberal presented an argument that the intensity on of the punishment should not rest with the criminal officers or the parole board because they may have racial issues. While the conservative board argued that the punishments given to criminals were too lenient. Their arguments bolstered by the findings of research demonstrating that most correctional programs designed to rehabilitate offenders and reduce recidivism were ineffective (Martinson).

Study Of Easyjet And The Airline Industry Tourism Essay

Study Of Easyjet And The Airline Industry Tourism Essay Easy Jet Airline is one of leading low-cost British airline established in 1995. Easy Jet has seen a rapid expansion, operating domestic and international service on 500 routes between Europe, North Africa and Asia. Its successful strategies based on low-cost, no frills model which derive from the a concept that demands for short-haul air transportation is price elastic. That means if the price of plane tickets are being reduced, more people will fly. Microeconomics Major determinants of demand The demand for a particular good or service depends on a variety of factors. Key influences include the price of substitutes; especially goods that are close substitutes, and the price of complements, the levels of consumer income, consumers expectation.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The availability of alternative modes of transportation for air travel are increasing, in particular ownership of automobile and the railway development. These close substitutes might be a threat a number of traditional airline companies, dominating short journey sector (less than 3 hours). However, it is extremely difficult for rail transport to challenge a low-cost airline company like easyjet. For example, Euro stars cheapest tickets to Paris is  £149, whereas Easy Jets prices start from  £17.99 Airline costs per passenger, and rail fares, from Barcelona Price Elasticity As demand law, when other factors on demand remain unchanged, a higher price for a product will lead to a lower quantity demanded. The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness, or sensitivity, of the demand for a good to changes in its price when other influences on demand are held constant. It is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded resulting from a given percentage change in price. For example, if a 1% increase in price leads to a 1.5% drop in quantity demanded, the own-price elasticity of demand is 1.5. In this case, since the percentage fall in demand is greater than the percentage rise in price, total spending on the good will decline, and the demand for it is said to be elastic. If, on the other hand, a 1% price rise causes a smaller percentage decline in the quantity demanded, the own-price elasticity will be less than one, and demand is said to be inelastic.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) The demand for air travel should be distinguished among markets for: business and leisure travel; long-haul and short-haul travel; and international and long-haul travel. Accordingly, to examine the sensitivity of the demand for air travel to its price, separate estimates of the own-price elasticity of demand are gathered for each of these distinct markets. Since the alternative modes of transportation for long distance are not widely available, it is considered that the demand for air transport will be less elastic for long-haul flights than for short-haul flights. Moreover, international travel tends to be spread over more time than domestic travel due to globalization, so that the plane ticket is more expensive than domestic tickets. globalization makes international travel especially business travel less sensitive to changes in ticket prices. On the other hand,  travelers for leisure are more likely to postpone trips to specific locations in response to higher fares, or to shop around and looking for more affordable fares. Therefore, it is concluded that the demand for air transport for leisure travel will be more elastic than business travel. Price Elasticity of Supply and Demand The relationship between demand and price of traveling by air can be both elastic and inelastic. To a large extent it depends on the type of customers traveling. For example a family planning a vacation that requires air travel, if the price of an airline ticket is extremely high, they are more likely decide to delay the trip until the prices are lower. This shows that leisure air travel is considered elastic. However, if a business customer needs to travel across the country by the next day, they will need a plane ticket regardless of the ticket price. For business travel, the price of airline would be considered inelastic because it is a necessity. The current market for business travel has a big part in the supply and demand within the airline industry. More so in the economic downturn with the price of oil rapidly increasing, the cost of an airline ticket is consequently has risen and the demand for leisure travel has fallen. In addition, another reason for the decline in demand is that after 9/11 there has been growing concern over in-flight safety. Another factor that influences the price of an airline ticket is the date that it is purchased. If there is an  emergency, the customer may need to book a ticket on the day of travel or even purchases a ticket close to the departure time. The fact that there are still many unsold tickets is disregarded and the price will be higher. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1013568/the_economys_affect_on_the_airline.html?cat=27 elastic.gif http://www.fin.gc.ca/consultresp/Airtravel/airtravstdy_1-eng.asp Market structure of Airline industry There are many factors impacted on the recent poor financial performance of traditional airlines, including the effects of 9/11, the global economic recession, the increasing growth of low cost airlines that operate under a different business model, and the recent surge in fuel prices. As described below, several simultaneous factors are transforming the global airline industry. The growth of low-cost airlines: The increasing growth of the market share of low-cost, low cost fares during the last few years is one of the most significant trends in the industry, and has presented a considerable threat to the viability of network of traditional carriers. The response of the traditional network airlines to the growing low cost airlines challenge will be critical to determining the future structure of the airline industry, both in the United States and in Europe. Competitive analysis The most obvious competitive advantages Easy Jet had are delivering low-cost and maximizing margins. easyJet keeps costs low by cutting off the unnecessary costs and frills which is in traditional airlines. This is done in several major ways: firstly, easy jet take advantage of the Internet to reduce distribution costs and then maximize the utilization of the substantial assets and maximize utilization of each aircraft and therefore, significantly reduces the unit cost Secondly, Easy Jet launched paperless operation and ticketless travel which means passengers receive an email containing their travel details and booking reference instead of get a paper ticket when they book online. This lower the cost of issuing, distributing, processing and reconciling millions of tickets each year. At the same time, Easy jet simplified its work practice by delivery the concept of paperless operation and a well designed information system allows management and administrative job carried out through its IT systems of company. The no-frill service on board is another reason for Easy Jet to keep cost low, because everybody always complain about food on board so why bother to provide food if people dont want it? Cutting off free catering on-board decrease cost and unnecessary bureaucracy and management. It is also an important differentiator between easyJet and other airlines and a potent reflection of our low-cost approach. Passengers can purchase food on-board if th ey need it . ironically, Easy jet have won awards for our catering service. The new concept of a simple service model also reflects a more general need about eliminating other unnecessary, costly services. pre-assigned seats, interline connections with other airlines and cargo/freight carriage are the characteristics of traditional airline result in high complex to manage cost. Moreover, easyJet use airports effectively by flying to main destination airports throughout Europe with high frequency and obtain efficiencies through rapid turnaround times. By cutting off turnarounds time to 30 minutes and below, easyJet can gain extra turnaround rates on the high-frequency routes, thus, maximizing utilization rates of its aircraft. Easy Jet made an agreement with airports about progressive landing charges. the operation easyJet currently has operating various bases throughout the UK and mainland Europe. It is a truly European operation and was one of the few airlines to take advantage of the reforms offered by the single European aviation market. Manage cost Fuel cost is one of the biggest and volatile single cost for Easy Jet therefore fuel efficiency is very important to Easy Jet. In 2009, Easy jet saved 1.2%of fuel they burn through the improvement of fuel efficiency and new flight planning system. Easy Jet have aimed a 3% improvement in fuel burn, which will deliver 20million by 2012. It is crucial for Easy Jet to manage cost effectively so that it can continue to offer competitive fares profitably. Easy jet plans to make at least 190million of cost reduction by the end of 2012, which will allow Easy Jet to offset inflationary pressures and produce 1 per seat benefit to the bottom line. The crew efficiency will be improved by 10% through route and crew optimal tools and a new roster system. Marco-economic Transport economics in general, especially air transport has been viewed as the laboratory of economic activity. Flourishing transport derived by booming economy, as an increasing economic activity, expanding industrial production and booming trade relation will inevitably lead to an ever-greater need for transport. A decline of the same parameters will reflect on a decreasing demand for transport. Within the transport industry, air transport seems to be more sensitive to such economic environment. In the face of recent financial crisis that affected world economic growth and international trade, airline industry are affected by this crisis. The EUs air transport system has been considered as a very important factor of the Unions economy. In the meanwhile, it is quite sensitive to economic environment and economic development in other industry. In 2008, the worldwide financial downturn had increasingly resulted in a global economic crisis. At the same time, the impacts of this crisis for air transport sector reflected on obvious decline of air travel demand because of less transported passengers and goods, reduction of supply through reduction of frequency, and lower company profits. Figure3: GDP Yearly Growth from 1990-2008 Inflation and Oil Price Impact The inflation rate in Europe was 0.90% in February of 2010. Inflation rate reflected on a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. The effective measures of Inflation are the CPI which measures consumer prices, and the GDP that measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy. Oil prices are pushing up inflation across Europe. And oil price really matters to the health of global economy. The global economic downturn in 2000-2001 resulted from higher oil price since 1999, and global GDP growth have decreased. Higher oil price are contributing to high level of cost and unemployment and accelerating budget-deficit problem. The impact of high oil price on oil-importing countries varies mainly depending on the degree to which they are net importers and the oil intensity of their economies.. European countries are highly dependent on oil imports, which would suffer most in the short term, their GDP went down by 0.5% and inflation increasing by 0. 5% in 2005. The United States suffered with GDP declining by 0.3%,mainly because its domestic production meets a bigger part of share of its oil needs. Japans GDP decreased 0.4%, with its low oil intensity compensating for its almost high dependence on imported oil. The problem of fuel rates/ cost is one of many factors all airline companies faced with. The price of a barrel of oil has been a huge impact on airliner and global airline industry. According to the statistics, the cost of fuel has been made up by 31% of the total cost of business of airline companies. The aviation industry is always sensitive to the change of fuel price. In the economic recession, the number of the passenger would scare away if airline company rise the ticket price, despite of the situation of fuel price surge. Therefore, the only ways for airline company to minify the loss because of the higher oil price are strengthening management, cutting cost and efficiency improving, instead of simply raise the price. Another financial risk exposure in the airline industry is interest rate. Interest rate risk is important to airline companies in terms of the cost of debt finance. Higher financial leverage ratios are dominant in the aviation industry because of its capital intensive nature and high cost of equity. High earnings volatility made cost of equity increase. Equity can be less attractive due to lower price earnings ratios found in the airline industry. In the meanwhile, cost of debit is closely related to the interest rate changes. Therefore, the impact of interest rates on general business could be large consequential effect. Moreover, high interest rates result in higher cost of distress, this is especially for the airline industry. Legislation Impact One of the most difficult balancing acts that airline companies faced is the challenge of balanceing global warming and remaining competitive position in marketplace. The airline industry is responsible for 2% of the worlds man-made carbon emissions and 6% of the Uks. It has already achieved a great deal in keeping emissions down,and it is continuing to take its responsibilities seriously through industry-wide initiatives, in-depth research, roadmaps, not to mention new airframe and engine technology.In 2005,the climate impacts of aviation have finally landed on european political agenda.because the air travel is the worst climate choice of all transport modes, per passenger kilometer of aircraft emits tree times more than cars. Per tonne kilometer of freight, aircroft measured about an order of magnitude worse than lorries. the UK Climate Change Act, passed last November called into question how quickly the industry could deploy into new aircraft and fleets the technological advance ments it was claiming were going to help it deliver a percentage reduction in CO2 emissions. Airline companies must act quickly to lower its own CO2 emissins to meet goverment regulation,many people argued that the climate change policies will destory the development of aviation industry. However, the study shows that climate change legislation could be designed in a sustainable way. Survival of the Easy Jets Low-cost Model Low-cost airline model has proven to be successful, and has been copied by the many airline company worldwide. Low-cost airline model is based on strict adherence to several major principles: point to point flight, maximization of flying hours, short-haul, use of secondary airports, no-frill, and no delay, which result in low cost, low fares and high demand and capacity utilization. ( Macario et.al.2007) Although the air transport market is heavily impacted by the economic crisis, in turn, economic recession provides a potential opportunity to low-cost airline company. Easy Jet announced a profit increase in 2009. Low cost airline companies are increasing their market share compared to traditional airline. Potential strategies for Easy Jet Firstly, Easy Jet should build stronger air transport network. Although Easy Jet has a leading presence on Europes top 100 routes, it still needs to strengthen its positions in the key market and focus on the routes customers find the most attractive, at convenient times. Easy Jet needs to continually manage schedule quality and fine-tune its network. Which means it will offer customers the opportunity to arrive when they want and when they want. It will allow Easy Jet get increasing market share of flight and have higher load factors than its competitors. Increasing frequency and stability on major routes with launching new the route mix offer more choice to its customers based on market research. For instance, Easy Jet launched flight with daily return flight from several cities in UK to many European cities. As the demand declines through the summer months, it should manage its schedule and move assets to leisure routes in order to maximize its capacities. In addition, unnecessary cost created by overnight stops could be avoided by base management, in order to improve efficiency and maximize revenue. Secondly, it is important to listen to customer and understand their need and then design schedule and service to match. the relative effective way to get close to its customers is to collect all customer data, which provides a fast and intelligent view on trends in customers travelling habits. With these customer databases, it allows marketing department tailor marketing emails according to individual customer purchasing patterns and preferences. Moreover, build increasing customer experience to appeal business travelers. Departure time is vital for customer and ensuring customers arrive at their destination on time is a key to delivery of a winning customer proposition. In a recession economic environment, Easy Jet has potential opportunity to increase share of the business travel market due to many corporate tend to low cost air travel company to cut business cost. http://hubpages.com/hub/rise-in-fuel-prices-airline-industry How a rise in fuel prices affect the airline industry